Reconciliation and Social Justice Library

ROYAL COMMISSION INTO

ABORIGINAL DEATHS IN CUSTODY

NATIONAL REPORT VOLUME 2

• NATIONAL REPORT VOLUME 2
  • ACRONYMS
  • PART C THE UNDERLYING ISSUES WHICH EXPLAIN THE DISPROPORTIONATE DETENTION RATES OF ABORIGINAL PEOPLE
    • CHAPTER 10 The Legacy Of History
      • 10.1 WHY IS HISTORY RELEVANT?
      • 10.2 ABORIGINAL SOCIETY PRIOR TO BRITISH ARRIVAL
      • 10.3 THE DISPOSSESSION OF ABORIGINAL PEOPLE
      • 10.4 FRONTIER PERIOD: DISEASE AND VIOLENCE
      • 10.5 POLICE
        • THE ROLE OF NATIVE POLICE
      • 10.6 ABORIGINAL PEOPLE AND THE LAW
      • 10.7 DETENTION PATTERNS
      • 10.8 LABOUR, LAND AND LAW
      • 10.9 SOCIAL CONTROL, PROTECTION, CUSTODY
        • CUSTODY
      • 10.10 RESISTANCE TO COLONIALISM
    • CHAPTER 11 SOME ASPECTS OF ABORIGINAL SOCIETY TODAY
      • 11.1 THE STATUS OF ABORIGINAL PEOPLE TODAY
      • 11.2 THE LIMITATIONS OF SOCIAL INDICATORS
        • MISSING INFORMATION
        • CULTURAL ORIENTATION
        • IMPROVING THE INDICATOR RATHER THAN IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF LIFE
        • OBSCURING THE POLICY AGENDA
        • EMPHASIS ON EQUITY AND EQUALITY, RATHER THAN ON THE PROCESSES INVOLVED
        • LOSING THE LOCAL PICTURE
        • SUMMARY
      • 11.3 DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIAL INDICATORS
        • COMPOSITION AND TRENDS IN THE ABORIGINAL POPULATION
        • FERTILITY
        • ABORIGINAL FAMILIES
        • ABORIGINAL DISADVANTAGE
        • SUMMARY
      • 11.4 ABORIGINALITY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE COMMISSION'S INQUIRIES
      • 11.5 THE DIVERSITY OF ABORIGINAL EXPERIENCE
      • 11.6 THE LEGACY OF HISTORY
      • 11.7 THE CHILD WELFARE LEGACY
      • 11.8 CURRENT ADOPTION AND FOSTERING POLICIES
      • 11.9 ASPECTS OF ABORIGINAL CULTURE TODAY
        • THE ABORIGINAL COMMONALITY
        • AUTONOMY AND THE CONCEPT OF SELF
        • OTHER ASPECTS OF SOCIALISATION AND THE PROCESS OF BECOMING ADULT
        • YOUNG MEN IN ABORIGINAL SOCIETY--AN INTRODUCTORY NOTE
        • THE ROLE OF YOUNG MEN IN ABORIGINAL SOCIETY
          • Drinking
          • Going to Prison
          • Aggression and Violence Against Women and Children
        • AVOIDANCE AND MOBILITY
        • FIGHTING, SWEARING AND OTHER AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOURS
        • WITNESSING
        • THE RESPONSIBILITIES OF CLOSE KIN
        • RITUALISED EXPRESSIONS OF DISAPPROVAL OR OF ANGER AND DISTRESS
        • THE IMPUTATION OF RESPONSIBILITY
        • CHRISTIANITY
        • POLICING
      • 11.11 SELF-DESTRUCTIVE BEHAVIOUR AS A REACTION TO PRESSURES OF NON-ABORIGINAL SOCIETY
        • INTRODUCTORY NOTE
        • SELF-INJURY AND SUICIDAL BEHAVIOUR
        • PRETENDED SUICIDE
        • REASONS FOR SUICIDE
        • EPIDEMIC AND MULTIPLE SELF-INFLICTED DEATHS
      • 11.12 ABORIGINAL IDENTITY
      • 11.13 ADMINISTRATIVE DEFINITION OF ABORIGINALITY
      • 11.14 THE LEGAL INTERPRETATION OF ABORIGINALITY
      • 11.15 CONCLUSION
    • CHAPTER 12 RELATIONS WITH THE NON-ABORIGINAL COMMUNITY
      • 12.1 RACE RELATIONS AND RACIAL DISCRIMINATION
        • THE ABORIGINAL PERCEPTION/EXPERIENCE
        • WHAT IS RACISM?
        • AUSTRALIA'S HISTORY IN RACE RELATIONS: THE QUESTION OF CONTROL BY GOVERNMENT
        • INSTITUTIONAL RACISM
        • POSITIVE CHANGES IN COMMUNITY RELATIONS
        • COMMONALITIES AND DIFFERENCES OF EXPERIENCE
        • BASES FOR CHANGE
      • 12.2 RELATIONS AT LOCAL GOVERNMENT LEVEL
        • ABORIGINAL INTERACTION WITH LOCAL GOVERNMENT
        • ABORIGINAL PEOPLE AS A PART OF MIXED LOCAL GOVERNMENT POPULATION
        • ABORIGINAL PEOPLE AS A MAJORITY OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT POPULATION
      • 12.3 HOTELS AND HOTEL-KEEPERS
        • THE CENTRAL SOCIAL ROLE OF HOTELS
        • ROLE OF PUBLICANS
      • 12.4 THE HEALTH SYSTEM AND ABORIGINAL PEOPLE
      • 12.5 THE SCHOOL EXPERIENCE
      • 12.6 MEDIA
        • MEDIA REPRESENTATION OF ABORIGINAL PEOPLE
        • ABORIGINAL MEDIA
        • ROLE OF MONITORING BODIES
    • CHAPTER 13 THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
      • 13.1 ABORIGINAL-POLICE RELATIONS IN THE
      • 13.2 COMMUNITY RELATIONS AND CONTROL
        • POLICE INTERVENTION
        • ABORIGINAL SOCIAL CONTROLS
          • Definitions of Public Space
          • Public Violence
      • 13.3 THE HISTORICAL BASIS
      • 13.4 THE LEGACY: FEATURES OF THE RELATIONSHIP
        • Factors Limiting Police Responses
          • Police Culture
          • Police Survey
          • External Pressures on Police Services
        • INSTITUTIONAL DISCRIMINATION AND RACISM
          • Treatment of Aboriginal Women by Police
        • COMPLAINTS MECHANISMS
      • 13.5 THE GENERAL SITUATION IN STATES AND THE NORTHERN TERRITORY
        • New South Wales
        • Victoria
        • Queensland
        • Western Australia
        • South Australia
        • Tasmania
        • Northern Territory
    • 13.6 CONCLUSION
  • Chapter 14 Young Aboriginal People And The Criminal Justice System
    • 14.1 INTRODUCTION
    • 14.2 THE CASES
    • 14.3 DISPROPORTIONATE NUMBERS
      • STATISTICS AS TO DISPROPORTION
      • DISPROPORTION OF ABORIGINAL JUVENILES IN CARE
      • THE EXTENT OF DISPROPORTION OF ABORIGINAL YOUTH IN POLICE CUSTODY
      • THE EXTENT OF DISPROPORTION IN DETENTION, BY STATE
      • ABORIGINAL YOUTH IN PRISON
      • TRENDS IN INVOLVEMENT OF ABORIGINAL YOUTH IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
      • MULTIPLE OFFENDING
      • GEOGRAPHICAL FACTORS
      • TYPE OF OFFENCES
      • A JUSTICE OR A WELFARE MODEL.'?
    • 14.4 THE REASONS FOR OFFENDING
      • THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM--CONSTRUCTIONS OF CRIMINALITY
        • The Nature of the Criminal Justice System
        • The Implications of a Welfare Model in the Criminal Justice System
        • Police--the Front Line
        • Prison as a Deterrent
      • THE ABORIGINAL FAMILY AND THE UNDERMINING OF SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CONTROLS
      • SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS
      • ALCOHOL/PETROL SNIFFING
      • PEER GROUP PRESSURE
      • BOREDOM
      • OTHER REASONS
  • Chapter 15 THE HARMFUL USE OF ALCOHOL AND OTHER DRUGS
    • 15.1 INTRODUCTION
    • 15.2 ALCOHOL USE
      • HISTORICAL ASPECTS
      • THE PREVALENCE OF ALCOHOL USE AMONG ABORIGINAL PEOPLE
        • Proportions of Drinkers and Abstainers
        • Hazardous and Harmful Levels of Drinking
      • ALCOHOL AND CRIME
        • Intoxication and Police Custody
        • Intoxication and Criminal Responsibility
      • REACTIONS TO ABORIGINAL ALCOHOL USE
      • OTHER ADVERSE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL
        • Community Well-being
        • Economic Impact
      • CAUSES OF PROBLEMATIC ALCOHOL USE
    • 15.3 PETROL SNIFFING
      • HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
      • HISTORY AND PREVALENCE
      • PETROL SNIFFING AND OFFENDING
    • 15.4 OTHER DRUGS
      • CONSEQUENCES OF DRUG USE
      • ILLICIT DRUG USE BY ABORIGINAL PEOPLE
    • 15.5 CONCLUSION
  • Chapter 16 SCHOOLING
    • 16.1 EDUCATION AS AN UNDERLYING ISSUE
      • SCHOOLING AS AN INTERACTION WITH OTHER INSTITUTIONS
    • 16.2 THE EDUCATIONAL EXPERIENCE OF THOSE
    • 16.3 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES
    • 16.4 PARTICIPATION
      • PARTICIPATION RATES
      • School Attendance
      • Secondary School Participation
      • Year 12 Retention Rate
      • Year 12 Attrition Rates
      • Achievement in Secondary School
      • Formal Qualifications
      • Technical and Further Education
      • Higher Education
      • GENDER ISSUES AND EDUCATION
      • SUMMARY
    • 16.5 INHIBITING FACTORS
      • CULTURAL DIFFERENCE
      • HEALTH
      • PARENTAL ROLE
      • MOBILITY OF FAMILIES
      • SOCIAL CONFLICT
      • POVERTY AND LIVING CONDITIONS
      • ROLE MODELS
      • CURRICULUM
      • PEER GROUP PRESSURE
      • ATTITUDES
      • High School.96
      • UNWILLINGNESS TO LEAVE HOME
    • 16.6 SCHOOL NON-ATTENDANCE
    • 16.7 SUMMARY
  • Chapter 17 EMPLOYMENT, UNEMPLOYMENT AND POVERTY
    • 17.1 THE RELEVANCE OF ECONOMIC FACTORS TO THE CUSTODY RATE
      • ECONOMIC STATUS OF THOSE WHO DIED
      • LINKS BETWEEN CUSTODY AND POVERTY
      • The Social and Psychological Consequences of Poverty
      • Aboriginal Views
    • 17.2 ABORIGINAL PEOPLE IN THE ECONOMY
      • MEASURES OF ECONOMIC STATUS
      • EMPLOYMENT
      • LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION
      • OCCUPATION
      • INCOME
      • DEPENDENCE ON SOCIAL SECURITY PAYMENTS
      • THE INFORMAL ECONOMY
      • REGIONAL VARIATION
      • YOUTH
      • GENDER
    • 17.3 CAUSES OF ABORIGINAL POVERTY
      • HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES
      • Dispossession
      • Impact of Economic Change on Culture and Life Style
      • Involvement in Pastoralism and Agriculture
      • Welfare Dependence
      • Horticulture
      • FACTORS AFFECTING INEQUALITY
        • Structural factors
        • Labor market factors
        • Cultural factors
      • THE MACRO ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
      • GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION
      • Rural Towns
      • Remote Communities
      • AGE STRUCTURE
      • ACCESS TO LAND AND CAPITAL
      • LABOUR MARKET FACTORS
      • Low Levels of Formal Education and Job-Related Skills
      • Proficiency in English
      • Discrimination in Employment
      • CULTURAL FACTORS
      • Economic Motivation
      • Mobility
    • SUMMARY
  • Chapter 18 HOUSING AND INFRASTRUCTURE
    • 18.1 HOUSING AS AN UNDERLYING ISSUE
    • 18.2 DISPOSSESSION: THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF A 'PROBLEM'
      • RECOGNITION OF AN EVOLVING 'PROBLEM' AND THE QUEST FOR 'BETTER HOMES': THE EXPERIENCE OF THOSE WHO DIED IN CUSTODY
    • 18.3 HOUSING AND CULTURAL VALUES
      • HOUSING AS LOSS OF CONTROL AND A SOURCE OF STRESS
    • 18.4 ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT THE NEED FOR HOUSES AND FACILITIES
      • TRANSITIONAL HOUSING AS ASSIMILATION IN REMOTE AREAS
      • HOUSING AS ASSIMILATION IN RURAL TOWNS AND URBAN CENTRES
    • 18.5 LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND INFRASTRUCTURE
    • 18.6 PROBLEMS IN GOVERNMENT POLICY AND PRACTICE
      • THE FAILURE OF 'TRANSITION'
      • THE EXTENT OF HOUSING NEED
      • LACK OF RELATED INFRASTRUCTURAL PROVISIONS
      • Water
      • Electricity and Power
      • Waste Disposal
      • Roads
    • 18.7 HOUSING, INFRASTRUCTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
      • OVERCROWDING AND DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
      • INTEGRATING HOUSING, INFRASTRUCTURE AND HEALTH
    • 18.8 INTEGRATING INFRASTRUCTURE AND HOUSING
  • Chapter 19 LAND NEEDS
    • 19.1 ABORIGINAL NEEDS FOR LAND
      • THE SPIRITUAL LINK TO LAND
      • LAND AS AN ECONOMIC BASE
      • OUTSTATIONS AND THE 'EXIT OPTION'
      • SITE PROTECTION
    • 19.2 CURRENT POLICIES TO MEET ABORIGINAL LAND NEEDS
      • NORTHERN TERRITORY
      • NEW SOUTH WALES
      • SOUTH AUSTRALIA
      • WESTERN AUSTRALIA
      • QUEENSLAND
    • VICTORIA
      • TASMANIA
      • AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY
      • LEASEHOLD LAND
    • 19.3 CONCLUSION
  • Chapter 20 SELF-DETERMINATION
    • 20.1 THE REALITY OF CONTROL
    • 20.2 WHAT IS SELF-DETERMINATION?
    • 20.3 GOVERNMENT AND THE CONCEPT OF SELF- DETERMINATION
      • THE ASSIMILATION YEARS
      • THE INTEGRATION YEARS
      • VOTING AND CITIZENSHIP RIGHTS
      • COMMONWEALTH INVOLVEMENT IN ABORIGINAL AFFAIRS
      • PERFORMANCE AND ACCOUNTABILITY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF ABORIGINAL AFFAIRS
    • 20.4 FACTORS IMPACTING ON SELF- DETERMINATION
      • THE SEARCH FOR 'THE' ABORIGINAL VIEWPOINT
      • Early Attempts to Find a National Voice
      • The Defeat of National Land rights
      • ABORIGINAL DECISION-MAKING PROCESSES
      • THE MULTIPLICITY OF AGENCIES
      • MANAGEMENT CAPACITY AND TRAINING
    • 20.5 LOCAL GOVERNMENT
      • INTRODUCTION
      • LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND EQUITY
      • PARTICULAR LOCAL GOVERNMENT ISSUES AT STATE AND TERRITORY LEVEL
      • Western Australia
      • Queensland
      • Northern Territory
      • New South Wales
      • Victoria and Tasmania
      • CONCLUSION
    • 20.6 FUNDING SELF-DETERMINATION