South Australian Consolidated Regulations South Australian Consolidated RegulationsSchedule 1—Mass and loading requirements for heavy vehicles
Part
1—Mass limits
1—Mass limit for a single vehicle
(1) The total mass of
a vehicle and any load must not exceed the vehicle's GVM.
(2) The mass
transmitted to the ground by the axles of a trailer and any load when the
trailer is connected to a towing vehicle must not exceed the trailer's GTM.
2—Mass limits for tyres, wheels and axles
(1) The mass on a
wheel or axle must not exceed the limit set by its manufacturer.
(2) The mass on a tyre
must not exceed the greatest load capacity determined for the tyre by the
manufacturer at a cold inflation pressure that does not exceed:
(a) 825
kilopascals for a radial ply tyre; or
(b) 700
kilopascals for any other tyre.
(3) The mass on an
axle group or single axle must not exceed the limit provided for it in Table
1.
(4) The mass limit in
Table 1 that applies to an axle group that includes a retractable axle must be
determined as if the axle did not exist, unless subclause (5) applies.
(5) A retractable axle
is part of an axle group for the purposes of Table 1 if, when the mass on the
group exceeds:
(a) 6
tonnes, in the case of a tandem axle group; or
(b) 11
tonnes, in the case of a tri-axle group,
the tyres on the axle are in contact with the ground and the load-sharing
suspension system is operating on each axle (including the retractable axle)
and tyre in the group.
(6) The sum of the
mass on the axle groups and single axles on a vehicle or combination must not
exceed:
(a) in
the case of a complying bus without a trailer:
(i)
if the complying bus has 2 axles—16.0 tonnes; and
(ii)
if the complying bus has a rear tandem axle group fitted
with single tyres on one axle and dual tyres on the other axle—20.0
tonnes; and
(iii)
if the complying bus has a rear tandem axle group fitted
with dual tyres on both axles—22.5 tonnes; and
(b) in
the case of a combination consisting of a complying bus and a
trailer—the sum of the mass limit specified for the bus in
paragraph (a) and the mass limits of the axle groups and single axles of
the trailer as provided in Table 1; and
(ba) in
the case of a low floor bus with 2 axles that is licensed to carry standing
passengers—16.0 tonnes; and
(c) in
any other case—the sum of the mass limits of the axle groups and axles,
as provided in Table 1.
(7) In this clause and
in Table 1—
low floor bus means a bus, designed to assist the entry, exit and movement of
passengers—
(a) that
has no internal step at an entrance or exit or otherwise in the passenger
walkway areas of the bus; or
(b)
that, due to the area of the floor of the bus that is not more than
550 mm above the ground, is not required to comply with ADR 59.
Table 1—Mass limits for single axles and axle groups
|
Description of single axle or axle group |
Mass Limit |
|---|---|
|
Single axles and single axle groups | |
|
Single steer axle on: | |
|
(a) a
complying bus |
6.5 |
|
(b) any
other motor vehicle |
6.0 |
|
Single axle or single axle group fitted with single tyres with section width
of: | |
|
(a) less
than 375 mm |
6.0 |
|
(b) at
least 375 mm but less than 450 mm |
6.7 |
|
(c) at
least 450 mm |
7.0 |
|
Single axle or single axle group fitted with dual tyres on: | |
|
(a) a
pig trailer |
8.5 |
|
(b) a
complying bus or bus licensed to carry standing passengers (other than a bus
referred to in paragraph (ba)) |
10.0 |
|
(ba) a
low floor bus with 2 axles that is licensed to carry standing passengers |
11.0 |
|
(c) any
other vehicle |
9.0 |
|
Twinsteer axle groups | |
|
Twinsteer axle group without a load-sharing suspension system |
10.0 |
|
Twinsteer axle group with a load-sharing suspension system |
11.0 |
|
Tandem axle groups | |
|
Tandem axle group fitted with single tyres with section width of: | |
|
(a) less
than 375 mm |
11.0 |
|
(b) at
least 375 mm but less than 450 mm |
13.3 |
|
(c) at
least 450 mm |
14.0 |
|
Tandem axle group fitted with single tyres on one axle and dual tyres on the
other axle on: | |
|
(a) a
complying bus |
14.0 |
|
(b) any
other vehicle |
13.0 |
|
Tandem axle group fitted with dual tyres on: | |
|
(a) a
pig trailer |
15.0 |
|
(b) any
other vehicle |
16.5 |
|
Tri-axle groups | |
|
Tri-axle group on a vehicle fitted with single tyres with section width of
less than 375 mm on all axles, or single tyres on 1 or 2 axles and dual tyres
on the other axle or axles |
15.0 |
|
Tri-axle group on a pig trailer with either single tyres with section width of
at least 375 mm, dual tyres on all axles, or a combination of those tyres |
18.0 |
|
Tri-axle group, on a vehicle other than a pig trailer, with either single
tyres with section width of at least 375 mm, dual tyres, or a combination of
those tyres |
20.0 |
|
Quad-axle groups | |
|
Quad-axle group fitted with single tyres with section width of less than 375
mm |
15.0 |
|
Quad-axle group fitted with single tyres with section width of at least 375 mm
or dual tyres |
20.0 |
3—Mass limits relating to axle spacing
(1) Subject to this
clause, in the case of a heavy vehicle, the mass limits in Table 2 must
not be exceeded in relation to the distances set out in the Table that apply
to the heavy vehicle.
(2) In the case of a
road train, the mass limits in Table 3 must not be exceeded in relation to the
distances set out in the Table that apply to the road train.
(3) In the case of a
B-double, the mass limits in Table 4 must not be exceeded in relation to the
distances set out in the Table that apply to the B-double.
(3a) Despite the
preceding subclauses, subclause (1) and Table 2 will apply to a road
train or B-double that is driven on a road in contravention of a condition of
approval that applies to the road train or B-double under section 161A of
the Act and restricts the roads on which it may be driven.
(4) Each distance in
Table 2, 3 or 4 refers to:
(a) the
distance from the centre of any single axle to the centre of any other single
axle; or
(b) the
distance from the centre of any single axle to the centre of the furthest axle
in any axle group; or
(c) the
greatest distance between the centres of axles in any 2 axle groups.
Measurement of distances for Tables 2, 3 and 4
(5) The mass limits in
Table 2, 3 or 4 apply to the sum of the mass on each axle group or single axle
in the distance referred to in the Table, including the axles between which
the distance is measured.
(6) The total mass of
a vehicle or a combination, and any load, must not exceed 15 tonnes if the
distance between any 2 axles that are not part of the same axle group is less
than 2.5 metres.
Table 2—Mass limits relating to axle spacing (other than road trains and
b-doubles)
|
Distance (metres) |
Mass limit |
Distance (metres) |
Mass limit | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
exceeding |
not exceeding |
(tonnes) |
exceeding |
not exceeding |
(tonnes) |
|
0 |
3.7 |
23.0 |
6.8 |
7.0 |
33.0 |
|
3.7 |
3.8 |
23.5 |
7.0 |
7.2 |
33.5 |
|
3.8 |
4.0 |
24.0 |
7.2 |
7.3 |
34.0 |
|
4.0 |
4.2 |
24.5 |
7.3 |
7.5 |
34.5 |
|
4.2 |
4.3 |
25.0 |
7.5 |
7.7 |
35.0 |
|
4.3 |
4.5 |
25.5 |
7.7 |
7.8 |
35.5 |
|
4.5 |
4.7 |
26.0 |
7.8 |
8.0 |
36.0 |
|
4.7 |
4.8 |
26.5 |
8.0 |
8.2 |
36.5 |
|
4.8 |
5.0 |
27.0 |
8.2 |
8.3 |
37.0 |
|
5.0 |
5.2 |
27.5 |
8.3 |
8.5 |
37.5 |
|
5.2 |
5.3 |
28.0 |
8.5 |
8.7 |
38.0 |
|
5.3 |
5.5 |
28.5 |
8.7 |
8.8 |
38.5 |
|
5.5 |
5.7 |
29.0 |
8.8 |
9.0 |
39.0 |
|
5.7 |
5.8 |
29.5 |
9.0 |
9.2 |
39.5 |
|
5.8 |
6.0 |
30.0 |
9.2 |
9.3 |
40.0 |
|
6.0 |
6.2 |
30.5 |
9.3 |
9.5 |
40.5 |
|
6.2 |
6.3 |
31.0 |
9.5 |
9.7 |
41.0 |
|
6.3 |
6.5 |
31.5 |
9.7 |
9.8 |
41.5 |
|
6.5 |
6.7 |
32.0 |
9.8 |
10.0 |
42.0 |
|
6.7 |
6.8 |
32.5 |
10.0 | |
42.5 |
Table 3—Mass limits relating to axle spacing (road trains)
|
Distance (metres) |
Mass limit |
Distance (metres) |
Mass limit | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
exceeding |
not exceeding |
(tonnes) |
exceeding |
not exceeding |
(tonnes) |
|
3.5 |
3.7 |
23.0 |
10.2 |
10.3 |
43.0 |
|
3.7 |
3.8 |
23.5 |
10.3 |
10.5 |
43.5 |
|
3.8 |
4.0 |
24.0 |
10.5 |
10.7 |
44.0 |
|
4.0 |
4.2 |
24.5 |
10.7 |
10.8 |
44.5 |
|
4.2 |
4.3 |
25.0 |
10.8 |
11.0 |
45.0 |
|
4.3 |
4.5 |
25.5 |
11.0 |
11.2 |
45.5 |
|
4.5 |
4.7 |
26.0 |
11.2 |
11.3 |
46.0 |
|
4.7 |
4.8 |
26.5 |
11.3 |
11.5 |
46.5 |
|
4.8 |
5.0 |
27.0 |
11.5 |
11.7 |
47.0 |
|
5.0 |
5.2 |
27.5 |
11.7 |
11.8 |
47.5 |
|
5.2 |
5.3 |
28.0 |
11.8 |
12.0 |
48.0 |
|
5.3 |
5.5 |
28.5 |
12.0 |
12.2 |
48.5 |
|
5.5 |
5.7 |
29.0 |
12.2 |
12.3 |
49.0 |
|
5.7 |
5.8 |
29.5 |
12.3 |
12.5 |
49.5 |
|
5.8 |
6.0 |
30.0 |
12.5 |
12.7 |
50.0 |
|
6.0 |
6.2 |
30.5 |
12.7 |
12.8 |
50.5 |
|
6.2 |
6.3 |
31.0 |
12.8 |
13.0 |
51.0 |
|
6.3 |
6.5 |
31.5 |
13.0 |
13.2 |
51.5 |
|
6.5 |
6.7 |
32.0 |
13.2 |
13.3 |
52.0 |
|
6.7 |
6.8 |
32.5 |
13.3 |
13.5 |
52.5 |
|
6.8 |
7.0 |
33.0 |
13.5 |
13.7 |
53.0 |
|
7.0 |
7.2 |
33.5 |
13.7 |
13.8 |
53.5 |
|
7.2 |
7.3 |
34.0 |
13.8 |
14.0 |
54.0 |
|
7.3 |
7.5 |
34.5 |
14.0 |
14.2 |
54.5 |
|
7.5 |
7.7 |
35.0 |
14.2 |
14.3 |
55.0 |
|
7.7 |
7.8 |
35.5 |
14.3 |
14.5 |
55.5 |
|
7.8 |
8.0 |
36.0 |
14.5 |
14.7 |
56.0 |
|
8.0 |
8.2 |
36.5 |
14.7 |
14.8 |
56.5 |
|
8.2 |
8.3 |
37.0 |
14.8 |
15.0 |
57.0 |
|
8.3 |
8.5 |
37.5 |
15.0 |
15.2 |
57.5 |
|
8.5 |
8.7 |
38.0 |
15.2 |
15.3 |
58.0 |
|
8.7 |
8.8 |
38.5 |
15.3 |
15.5 |
58.5 |
|
8.8 |
9.0 |
39.0 |
15.5 |
15.7 |
59.0 |
|
9.0 |
9.2 |
39.5 |
15.7 |
15.8 |
59.5 |
|
9.2 |
9.3 |
40.0 |
15.8 |
16.0 |
60.0 |
|
9.3 |
9.5 |
40.5 |
16.0 |
16.2 |
60.5 |
|
9.5 |
9.7 |
41.0 |
16.2 |
16.3 |
61.0 |
|
9.7 |
9.8 |
41.5 |
16.3 |
16.5 |
61.5 |
|
9.8 |
10.0 |
42.0 |
16.5 |
16.7 |
62.0 |
|
10.0 |
10.2 |
42.5 |
16.7 |
16.8 |
62.5 |
|
16.8 |
17.0 |
63.0 |
23.5 |
23.7 |
83.0 |
|
17.0 |
17.2 |
63.5 |
23.7 |
23.8 |
83.5 |
|
17.2 |
17.3 |
64.0 |
23.8 |
24.0 |
84.0 |
|
17.3 |
17.5 |
64.5 |
24.0 |
24.2 |
84.5 |
|
17.5 |
17.7 |
65.0 |
24.2 |
24.3 |
85.0 |
|
17.7 |
17.8 |
65.5 |
24.3 |
24.5 |
85.5 |
|
17.8 |
18.0 |
66.0 |
24.5 |
24.7 |
86.0 |
|
18.0 |
18.2 |
66.5 |
24.7 |
24.8 |
86.5 |
|
18.2 |
18.3 |
67.0 |
24.8 |
25.0 |
87.0 |
|
18.3 |
18.5 |
67.5 |
25.0 |
25.2 |
87.5 |
|
18.5 |
18.7 |
68.0 |
25.2 |
25.3 |
88.0 |
|
18.7 |
18.8 |
68.5 |
25.3 |
25.5 |
88.5 |
|
18.8 |
19.0 |
69.0 |
25.5 |
25.7 |
89.0 |
|
19.0 |
19.2 |
69.5 |
25.7 |
25.8 |
89.5 |
|
19.2 |
19.3 |
70.0 |
25.8 |
26.0 |
90.0 |
|
19.3 |
19.5 |
70.5 |
26.0 |
26.2 |
90.5 |
|
19.5 |
19.7 |
71.0 |
26.2 |
26.3 |
91.0 |
|
19.7 |
19.8 |
71.5 |
26.3 |
26.5 |
91.5 |
|
19.8 |
20.0 |
72.0 |
26.5 |
26.7 |
92.0 |
|
20.0 |
20.2 |
72.5 |
26.7 |
26.8 |
92.5 |
|
20.2 |
20.3 |
73.0 |
26.8 |
27.0 |
93.0 |
|
20.3 |
20.5 |
73.5 |
27.0 |
27.2 |
93.5 |
|
20.5 |
20.7 |
74.0 |
27.2 |
27.3 |
94.0 |
|
20.7 |
20.8 |
74.5 |
27.3 |
27.5 |
94.5 |
|
20.8 |
21.0 |
75.0 |
27.5 |
27.7 |
95.0 |
|
21.0 |
21.2 |
75.5 |
27.7 |
27.8 |
95.5 |
|
21.2 |
21.3 |
76.0 |
27.8 |
28.0 |
96.0 |
|
21.3 |
21.5 |
76.5 |
28.0 |
28.2 |
96.5 |
|
21.5 |
21.7 |
77.0 |
28.2 |
28.3 |
97.0 |
|
21.7 |
21.8 |
77.5 |
28.3 |
28.5 |
97.5 |
|
21.8 |
22.0 |
78.0 |
28.5 |
28.7 |
98.0 |
|
22.0 |
22.2 |
78.5 |
28.7 |
28.8 |
98.5 |
|
22.2 |
22.3 |
79.0 |
28.8 |
29.0 |
99.0 |
|
22.3 |
22.5 |
79.5 |
29.0 |
29.2 |
99.5 |
|
22.5 |
22.7 |
80.0 |
29.2 |
29.3 |
100.0 |
|
22.7 |
22.8 |
80.5 |
29.3 |
29.5 |
100.5 |
|
22.8 |
23.0 |
81.0 |
29.5 |
29.7 |
101.0 |
|
23.0 |
23.2 |
81.5 |
29.7 |
29.8 |
101.5 |
|
23.2 |
23.3 |
82.0 |
29.8 |
30.0 |
102.0 |
|
23.3 |
23.5 |
82.5 |
30.0 |
30.2 |
102.5 |
|
30.2 |
30.3 |
103.0 |
32.3 |
32.5 |
109.5 |
|
30.3 |
30.5 |
103.5 |
32.5 |
32.7 |
110.0 |
|
30.5 |
30.7 |
104.0 |
32.7 |
32.8 |
110.5 |
|
30.7 |
30.8 |
104.5 |
32.8 |
33.0 |
111.0 |
|
30.8 |
31.0 |
105.0 |
33.0 |
33.2 |
111.5 |
|
31.0 |
31.2 |
105.5 |
33.2 |
33.3 |
112.0 |
|
31.2 |
31.3 |
106.0 |
33.3 |
33.5 |
112.5 |
|
31.3 |
31.5 |
106.5 |
33.5 |
33.7 |
113.0 |
|
31.5 |
31.7 |
107.0 |
33.7 |
33.8 |
113.5 |
|
31.7 |
31.8 |
107.5 |
33.8 |
34.0 |
114.0 |
|
31.8 |
32.0 |
108.0 |
34.0 |
34.2 |
114.5 |
|
32.0 |
32.2 |
108.5 |
34.2 |
34.3 |
115.0 |
|
32.2 |
32.3 |
109.0 |
34.3 |
34.5 |
115.5 |
Table 4—Mass limits relating to axle spacing (b-doubles)
|
Distance (metres) |
Mass limit |
Distance (metres) |
Mass limit | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
exceeding |
not exceeding |
(tonnes) |
exceeding |
not exceeding |
(tonnes) |
|
0 |
3.7 |
23.0 |
7.2 |
7.3 |
34.0 |
|
3.7 |
3.8 |
23.5 |
7.3 |
7.5 |
34.5 |
|
3.8 |
4.0 |
24.0 |
7.5 |
7.7 |
35.0 |
|
4.0 |
4.2 |
24.5 |
7.7 |
7.8 |
35.5 |
|
4.2 |
4.3 |
25.0 |
7.8 |
8.0 |
36.0 |
|
4.3 |
4.5 |
25.5 |
8.0 |
8.2 |
36.5 |
|
4.5 |
4.7 |
26.0 |
8.2 |
8.3 |
37.0 |
|
4.7 |
4.8 |
26.5 |
8.3 |
8.5 |
37.5 |
|
4.8 |
5.0 |
27.0 |
8.5 |
8.7 |
38.0 |
|
5.0 |
5.2 |
27.5 |
8.7 |
8.8 |
38.5 |
|
5.2 |
5.3 |
28.0 |
8.8 |
9.0 |
39.0 |
|
5.3 |
5.5 |
28.5 |
9.0 |
9.2 |
39.5 |
|
5.5 |
5.7 |
29.0 |
9.2 |
9.3 |
40.0 |
|
5.7 |
5.8 |
29.5 |
9.3 |
9.5 |
40.5 |
|
5.8 |
6.0 |
30.0 |
9.5 |
9.7 |
41.0 |
|
6.0 |
6.2 |
30.5 |
9.7 |
9.8 |
41.5 |
|
6.2 |
6.3 |
31.0 |
9.8 |
10.0 |
42.0 |
|
6.3 |
6.5 |
31.5 |
10.0 |
10.2 |
42.5 |
|
6.5 |
6.7 |
32.0 |
10.2 |
10.3 |
43.0 |
|
6.7 |
6.8 |
32.5 |
10.3 |
10.5 |
43.5 |
|
6.8 |
7.0 |
33.0 |
10.5 |
10.7 |
44.0 |
|
7.0 |
7.2 |
33.5 |
10.7 |
10.8 |
44.5 |
|
10.8 |
11.0 |
45.0 |
16.0 |
16.3 |
53.5 |
|
11.0 |
11.2 |
45.5 |
16.3 |
16.7 |
54.0 |
|
11.2 |
11.3 |
46.0 |
16.7 |
17.0 |
54.5 |
|
11.3 |
11.7 |
46.5 |
17.0 |
17.3 |
55.0 |
|
11.7 |
12.0 |
47.0 |
17.3 |
17.7 |
55.5 |
|
12.0 |
12.3 |
47.5 |
17.7 |
18.0 |
56.0 |
|
12.3 |
12.7 |
48.0 |
18.0 |
18.3 |
56.5 |
|
12.7 |
13.0 |
48.5 |
18.3 |
18.7 |
57.0 |
|
13.0 |
13.3 |
49.0 |
18.7 |
19.0 |
57.5 |
|
13.3 |
13.7 |
49.5 |
19.0 |
19.3 |
58.0 |
|
13.7 |
14.0 |
50.0 |
19.3 |
19.7 |
58.5 |
|
14.0 |
14.3 |
50.5 |
19.7 |
20.0 |
59.0 |
|
14.3 |
14.7 |
51.0 |
20.0 |
20.3 |
59.5 |
|
14.7 |
15.0 |
51.5 |
20.3 |
20.7 |
60.0 |
|
15.0 |
15.3 |
52.0 |
20.7 |
21.0 |
60.5 |
|
15.3 |
15.7 |
52.5 |
21.0 | |
62.5 |
|
15.7 |
16.0 |
53.0 | | | |
4—Mass limits for combinations
(1) The total mass of
a combination other than a road train or B-double, and any load, must not
exceed 42.5 tonnes.
(2) The loaded mass of
a dog trailer or pig trailer must not exceed the loaded mass of the towing
vehicle.
(3) The total mass of
a combination, and any load, must not exceed the towing vehicle's GCM.
(4) If—
(a)
—
(i)
the manufacturer of a motor vehicle forming part of a
road train or B-double has not specified the GCM of the vehicle; or
(ii)
the manufacturer cannot be identified; or
(iii)
the vehicle has been modified to the extent that the
manufacturer's specification is no longer appropriate; and
(b) a
corresponding Authority has not specified the GCM of the vehicle,
the GCM of the vehicle is to be determined by the Registrar of Motor Vehicles
as a mass not exceeding the mass determined in accordance with the following
formula:
where—
K means:
(a)
0.055 if a single drive axle is fitted to the motor vehicle; or
(b)
0.053 if a single drive tandem axle group is fitted to the motor vehicle; or
(c)
0.051 if a dual drive tandem axle group is fitted to the motor vehicle
M means the number of tyre revolutions per kilometre as specified by the tyre
manufacturer for the tyres fitted to the driving axle or axles
R means the overall gear reduction between engine and drive wheels
T means the maximum engine net torque in newton-metres.
(5) The total mass of
a road train, and any load, must not exceed 115.5 tonnes.
(6) The total mass of
a B-double, and any load, must not exceed 62.5 tonnes.
Part 2—Size and projection of loads
(1) A vehicle or a
combination, and its load, must not exceed a size limit set for the vehicle or
combination in the vehicle standards.
(2) The distance
measured at right angles between the rear overhang line of a vehicle and the
rear of any load it is carrying must not exceed the rear overhang that the
vehicle is allowed under the vehicle standards.
Illustration of front projection limit, rear overhang limit from vehicle
standards and maximum rear projection of load allowed without a warning signal
(3) In spite of
subclauses (1) and (2):
(a) the
height of a vehicle that is carrying vehicles on more than one deck, and its
load, must not exceed 4.6 metres; and
(b) the
distance measured at right angles between the rear overhang line of a trailer
carrying vehicles on more than one deck and the rear of the rearmost vehicle
on the trailer must not exceed 4.9 metres.
Height limit and rear overhang limit of a loaded car carrier
A load on a vehicle must not project more than 1.2 metres in front of the
vehicle, or more than 150 millimetres from the outermost part of either side
of it.
Vehicle loaded to width limits referred to in clause 5(1), with maximum side
projection of load allowed under clause 6
Note—
The combined dimensions of a vehicle and its load must still meet the
requirements of clause 5 even if the load projects from the vehicle in
any direction.
(1) The rear of a load
on a vehicle must carry a warning signal if the load:
(a)
projects more than 1.2 metres behind the vehicle; or
(b)
projects to the rear of the vehicle so that the end of the load cannot be seen
easily from behind; or
(c) is
on a pole-type trailer.
(2) In daytime, the
warning signal must be a brightly coloured flag or piece of material, with
each side at least 300 millimetres long.
(3) In the night -
time, the warning signal must be a red light which can be seen for 200 metres.
A load on a vehicle must not project in a way that is dangerous to a person or
to property, even if all dimension and warning requirements are met.
Part 3—Placing and securing loads
(1) A load on a
vehicle must not be placed in a way that makes the vehicle unstable or unsafe.
(2) A load on a
vehicle must be secured so that it is unlikely to fall or be dislodged from
the vehicle.
(3) An appropriate
method must be used to restrain the load on a vehicle.
(1) A trailer in a
combination must be securely coupled to the vehicle in front of it.
(2) The components of
a coupling used between vehicles must be compatible and properly connected to
each other.