Zhou, Lisa --- "Fiduciary Law, Non-Economic Interests and Amici Curiae" [2008] MelbULawRw 36; (2008) 32(3) Melbourne University Law Review 1158
* BCom, LLB (Hons) (Melb). An earlier draft of this article was submitted as part of coursework undertaken for the LLB in the Melbourne Law School, The University of Melbourne. I would like to thank Matthew Harding for his supervision and comments on earlier drafts of this article.
1 See Richard Joyce, ‘Fiduciary Law and Non‑Economic Interests’ [2002] MonashULawRw 11; (2002) 28 Monash University Law Review 239; Lisa Sarmas, ‘Uncovering Issues of Sexual Violence in Equity and Trusts Law’ (1995) 6 Legal Education Review 207, 215–18; Adrian Howe, ‘Fiduciary Law Meets the Civil Incest Suit: Re‑Framing the Injury of Incestuous Assault — A Question of Visibility’ (1997) 8 Australian Feminist Law Journal 59; Nathalie Des Rosiers, ‘Childhood Sexual Abuse and the Civil Courts’ (1999) 7 Tort Law Review 201, 202–7.
[2] Regina Graycar and Jenny Morgan, The Hidden Gender of Law (2nd ed, 2002) 356; Law Reform Commission, Equality before the Law: Justice for Women, Report No 69 (1994) pt 1, 158; Howe, above n 1, 61–2; Regina Graycar and Jenny Morgan, ‘Disabling Citizenship: Civil Death for Women in the 1990’s’ [1995] AdelLawRw 3; (1995) 17 Adelaide Law Review 49, 65. See generally Christine Boyle, ‘Sexual Assault and the Feminist Judge’ (1985) 1 Canadian Journal of Women and the Law 93.
[3] Norberg v Wynrib [1992] 2 SCR 226, 277 (McLachlin J for L’Heureux‑Dubé and McLachlin JJ) (‘Norberg’), applied in Taylor v McGillivray (1993) 110 DLR (4th) 64, 68–71 (Stevenson J); M(K) v M(H) [1992] 3 SCR 6, 61–2 (La Forest J for La Forest, Gonthier, Cory and Iacobucci JJ) (‘M(K)’); J(LA) v J(H) (1993) 102 DLR (4th) 177, 183–4 (Rutherford J) (‘J(LA)’); Joyce, above n 1, 244–5. See generally Frame v Smith [1987] 2 SCR 99, 143 (Wilson J).
[4] George Williams, ‘The Amicus Curiae and Intervener in the High Court of Australia: A Comparative Analysis’ (2000) 28 Federal Law Review 365, 365, 373, 386, 392.
[5] Ibid 365.
[7] [1998] FCA 1711; (1998) 90 FCR 489.
[8] See Brunninghausen v Glavanics (1999) 46 NSWLR 538, 540 (Priestley JA), 555 (Handley JA), 562 (Stein JA); Hospital Products Ltd v United States Surgical Corporation [1984] HCA 64; (1984) 156 CLR 41, 68 (Gibbs CJ), 96 (Mason J), 141 (Dawson J) (‘Hospital Products’); Joyce, above n 1, 242–3.
[9] Hospital Products [1984] HCA 64; (1984) 156 CLR 41, 96–7 (Mason J); Patrick Parkinson, ‘Fiduciary Obligations’ in Patrick Parkinson (ed), The Principles of Equity (2nd ed, 2003) 339, 378.
[10] Breen v Williams (1996) 186 CLR 71, 94–5 (Dawson and Toohey JJ), 113 (Gaudron and McHugh JJ) (‘Breen’); Chan v Zacharia [1984] HCA 36; (1984) 154 CLR 178, 198–9 (Deane J) (‘Chan’); Pilmer v Duke Group Ltd (in liq) [2001] HCA 31; (2001) 207 CLR 165, 197–8 (McHugh, Gummow, Hayne and Callinan JJ) (‘Pilmer’); Parkinson, ‘Fiduciary Obligations’, above n 9, 347; Joyce, above n 1, 255–6; Gino Dal Pont and Donald Chalmers, Equity and Trusts in Australia (3rd ed, 2004), 84–5.
[11] See, eg, Cubillo v Commonwealth [2001] FCA 1213; (2001) 112 FCR 455, 576–8 (Sackville, Weinberg and Hely JJ) (‘Cubillo’); Paramasivam [1998] FCA 1711; (1998) 90 FCR 489, 505 (Miles, Lehane and Weinberg JJ); Breen (1996) 186 CLR 71, 83 (Brennan CJ), 93–5 (Dawson and Toohey JJ), 108 (Gaudron and McHugh JJ), 135 (Gummow J); Dal Pont and Chalmers, above n 10, 126; Parkinson, ‘Fiduciary Obligations’, above n 9, 388; Michael Tilbury and Gary Davis, ‘Equitable Compensation’ in Patrick Parkinson (ed), The Principles of Equity (2nd ed, 2003) 797, 800.
[12] Paramasivam [1998] FCA 1711; (1998) 90 FCR 489, 504–5 (Miles, Lehane and Weinberg JJ); Joyce, above n 1, 246.
[13] See, eg, M(K) [1992] 3 SCR 6, 61–2 (La Forest J for La Forest, Gonthier, Cory and Iacobucci JJ); J(LA) (1993) 102 DLR (4th) 177, 182–3 (Rutherford J); Norberg [1992] 2 SCR 226, 271–2 (McLachlin J for L’Heureux‑Dubé and McLachlin JJ), applied in Taylor v McGillivray (1993) 110 DLR (4th) 64, 68–9 (Stevenson J).
[14] Frame v Smith [1987] 2 SCR 99, 136–9 (Wilson J); Hodgkinson v Simms [1994] 3 SCR 377, 466–7 (Sopinka and McLachlin JJ for Sopinka, McLachlin and Major JJ). See, eg, M(K) [1992] 3 SCR 6, 64 (La Forest J for La Forest, Gonthier, Cory and Iacobucci JJ); J(LA) (1993) 102 DLR (4th) 177, 183 (Rutherford J); Norberg [1992] 2 SCR 226, 278, 285–6 (McLachlin J for L’Heureux‑Dubé and McLachlin JJ). See also Parkinson, ‘Fiduciary Obligations’, above n 9, 382–3; Joyce, above n 1, 245.
[15] M(K) [1992] 3 SCR 6, 65 (La Forest J for La Forest, Gonthier, Cory and Iacobucci JJ); J(LA) (1993) 102 DLR (4th) 177, 185–6 (Rutherford J); McInerney v MacDonald [1992] 2 SCR 138, 150–1 (La Forest J for La Forest, L’Heureux‑Dubé, Gonthier and Iacobucci JJ).
[16] Frame v Smith [1987] 2 SCR 99, 143 (Wilson J), applied in M(K) [1992] 3 SCR 6, 64 (La Forest J for La Forest, Gonthier, Cory and Iacobucci JJ). See also Norberg [1992] 2 SCR 226, 277 (McLachlin J for L’Heureux‑Dubé and McLachlin JJ), applied in Taylor v McGillivray (1993) 110 DLR (4th) 64, 69–70 (Stevenson J); J(LA) (1993) 102 DLR (4th) 177, 183–4 (Rutherford J); Joyce, above n 1, 244–5.
[17] See Guerin v The Queen [1984] 2 SCR 335.
[18] See Cubillo [2001] FCA 1213; (2001) 112 FCR 455.
[19] McInerney v MacDonald [1992] 2 SCR 138.
[20] Breen (1996) 186 CLR 71.
[21] See Joyce, above n 1, 266–7.
[22] See Graycar and Morgan, The Hidden Gender of Law, above n 2, 356; Law Reform Commission, above n 2, pt 1, 158; Boyle, above n 2; Graycar and Morgan, ‘Disabling Citizenship’, above n 2, 65.
[23] See Limitation Act 1969 (NSW) s 23; Limitation Act 1981 (NT) s 21; Limitation of Actions Act 1974 (Qld) s 10(6)(b); Limitation Act 1974 (Tas) s 9; Limitation of Actions Act 1958 (Vic) s 5(8); Williams v Minister, Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1983 (1994) 35 NSWLR 497, 509 (Kirby P) (‘Williams’). Contra Limitation Act 1985 (ACT) s 11(1); Paramasivam [1998] FCA 1711; (1998) 90 FCR 489, 491 (Miles, Lehane and Weinberg JJ).
[24] Sarmas, ‘Uncovering Issues of Sexual Violence in Equity and Trusts Law’, above n 1, 218 fn 45; Michael Spence, ‘Equitable Defences’ in Patrick Parkinson (ed), The Principles of Equity (2nd ed, 2003) 997, 1013. Contra Limitation Act 1985 (ACT) s 11(1); Paramasivam [1998] FCA 1711; (1998) 90 FCR 489, 491 (Miles, Lehane and Weinberg JJ).
[25] Graycar and Morgan, The Hidden Gender of Law, above n 2, 372; Graycar and Morgan, ‘Disabling Citizenship’, above n 2, 65–6, 68, 71; Annette Marfording, ‘Access to Justice for Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse’ (1997) 5 Torts Law Journal 221, 221; Joyce, above n 1, 260 fn 154; Ben Mathews, ‘Limitation Periods and Child Sexual Abuse Cases: Law, Psychology, Time and Justice’ (2003) 11 Torts Law Journal 218, 219–21. See, eg, Williams (1994) 35 NSWLR 497, 509 (Kirby P); Cubillo [2001] FCA 1213; (2001) 112 FCR 455, 574–5 (Sackville, Weinberg and Hely JJ).
[26] Norberg [1992] 2 SCR 226, 269 (McLachlin J for L’Heureux‑Dubé and McLachlin JJ); Sarmas, ‘Uncovering Issues of Sexual Violence in Equity and Trusts Law’, above n 1, 217 fn 45; Des Rosiers, above n 1, 203. See generally Robert Flannigan, ‘Fiduciary Regulation of Sexual Exploitation’ (2000) 79 Canadian Bar Review 301.
[27] See Jan Cowie, ‘Difference, Dominance, Dilemma: A Critical Analysis of Norberg v Wynrib’ (1994) 58 Saskatchewan Law Review 357, 371–2; Howe, above n 1, 64–5. See, eg, Factum of the Women’s Legal Education and Action Fund (‘Factum of LEAF’), ‘M(K) v M(H)’ in Factum of LEAF, Equality and the Charter: Ten Years of Feminist Advocacy before the Supreme Court of Canada (1996) 361, 375.
[28] See M(K) [1992] 3 SCR 6, 61–2, 68–9 (La Forest J for La Forest, Gonthier, Cory and Iacobucci JJ), 86 (McLachlin J); Factum of LEAF, ‘M(K) v M(H)’, above n 27, 383–5; J(LA) (1993) 102 DLR (4th) 177, 188 (Rutherford J); Joyce, above n 1, 262.
[30] See especially M(K) [1992] 3 SCR 6, 82 (L’Heureux‑Dubé J), 86 (McLachlin J). See also at
61–2, 68–9 (La Forest J for La Forest, Gonthier, Cory and Iacobucci JJ); J(LA) (1993) 102 DLR (4th) 177, 188 (Rutherford J); Joyce, above n 1, 261; Flannigan, above n 26, 306; Des Rosiers, above n 1, 203.
[31] Joyce, above n 1, 261–2. See also Phyllis Coleman, ‘Sex in Power Dependency Relationships: Taking Unfair Advantage of the “Fair” Sex’ (1988) 53 Albany Law Review 95, 101. See further below nn 71–80 and accompanying text.
[34] Elizabeth Sheehy, ‘Compensation for Women Who Have Been Raped’ in Julian Roberts and Renate Mohr (eds), Confronting Sexual Assault: A Decade of Legal and Social Change (1994) 205, 205.
[35] Lisa Sarmas, ‘Storytelling and the Law: A Case Study of Louth v Diprose’ [1994] MelbULawRw 8; (1994) 19 Melbourne University Law Review 701, 727–8. See also Des Rosiers, above n 1, 206.
[36] Sarmas, ‘Uncovering Issues of Sexual Violence in Equity and Trusts Law’, above n 1, 207,
215–18.
[37] See Margaret Davies, Asking the Law Question (2nd ed, 2002) 208, 270, 326–7; Dianne Otto, ‘A Barren Future? Equity’s Conscience and Women’s Inequality’ [1992] MelbULawRw 19; (1992) 18 Melbourne University Law Review 808, 818, 823.
[38] Breen (1996) 186 CLR 71, 83 (Brennan CJ), 108 (Gaudron and McHugh JJ), 135 (Gummow J), followed in Paramasivam [1998] FCA 1711; (1998) 90 FCR 489, 507 (Miles, Lehane and Weinberg JJ).
[39] [1998] FCA 1711; (1998) 90 FCR 489, 505 (Miles, Lehane and Weinberg JJ).
[40] Ibid.
[41] See Graycar and Morgan, The Hidden Gender of Law, above n 2, 356; Boyle, above n 2; Howe, above n 1, 61–2; Graycar and Morgan, ‘Disabling Citizenship’, above n 2, 65.
[42] Hospital Products [1984] HCA 64; (1984) 156 CLR 41, 96–7 (Mason J); Chan [1984] HCA 36; (1984) 154 CLR 178, 198–9 (Deane J); Consul Development Pty Ltd v DPC Estates Pty Ltd [1975] HCA 8; (1974) 132 CLR 373, 394 (Gibbs J); Warman International Ltd v Dwyer [1995] HCA 18; (1995) 182 CLR 544, 557–8 (Mason CJ, Brennan, Deane, Dawson and Gaudron JJ); Breen (1996) 186 CLR 71, 108 (Gaudron and McHugh JJ); Keech v Sandford (1726) Sel Cas T King 61, 61; [1726] EWHC J76; 25 ER 223, 223 (King LC). See also Boardman v Phipps [1966] UKHL 2; [1967] 2 AC 46; Patrick Parkinson, ‘The Conscience of Equity’ in Patrick Parkinson (ed), The Principles of Equity (2nd ed, 2003) 29, 38–9; Parkinson, ‘Fiduciary Obligations’, above n 9, 352, 362–3; Joyce, above n 1, 259.
[43] Sarmas, ‘Uncovering Issues of Sexual Violence in Equity and Trusts Law’, above n 1, 209; Otto, above n 37, 818, 823.
[44] Sarmas, ‘Uncovering Issues of Sexual Violence in Equity and Trusts Law’, above n 1, 210; Otto, above n 37, 823–5; Davies, above n 37, 336–7. See generally Lisa Sarmas, ‘Storytelling and the Law’, above n 35.
[45] [1992] 2 SCR 226, 246 (La Forest J for La Forest, Gonthier and Cory JJ), 312–13 (Sopinka J).
[46] Diprose v Louth [No 2] (1990) 54 SASR 450; affd [1992] HCA 61; (1992) 175 CLR 621.
[47] Sarmas, ‘Storytelling and the Law’, above n 35, 718–19, 723.
[48] Ibid 719. See, eg, Diprose v Louth [No 2] (1990) 54 SASR 450, 480–1 (Matheson J).
[49] Norberg [1992] 2 SCR 226, 302, 306–7 (Sopinka J).
[50] Ibid 269, 285–6 (McLachlin J for L’Heureux‑Dubé and McLachlin JJ).
[51] Ibid 270.
[52] United States Tobacco Co v Minister for Consumer Affairs (1988) 20 FCR 520, 533–4, 536 (Davies, Wilcox and Gummow JJ).
[53] Leigh v Engle, 535 F Supp 418, 420 (Leighton J) (1982). See also Nicola Roxon and Kristen Walker, ‘Female Friends: Amica Curiae as a Vehicle for Women’s Participation in Litigation’ (1994) 19 Alternative Law Journal 111, 111; Justice Susan Kenny, ‘Interveners and Amici Curiae in the High Court’ [1998] AdelLawRw 14; (1998) 20 Adelaide Law Review 159, 160, 167; Loretta Re, ‘The Amicus Curiae Brief: Access to the Courts for Public Interest Associations’ [1984] MelbULawRw 7; (1984) 14 Melbourne University Law Review 522, 524–5.
[54] Corporate Affairs Commission v Bradley (1974) 1 NSWLR 391, 396 (Hutley JA); United States Tobacco Co v Minister for Consumer Affairs (1988) 20 FCR 520, 534 (Davies, Wilcox and Gummow JJ); R v Commonwealth Court of Conciliation and Arbitration; Ex parte Ellis [1954] HCA 6; (1954) 90 CLR 55, 69 (Kitto J); Williams, above n 4, 368.
[55] Bropho v Tickner [1993] FCA 25; (1993) 40 FCR 165, 172–3 (Wilcox J).
[56] Ibid.
[57] United States Tobacco Co v Minister for Consumer Affairs (1988) 20 FCR 520, 533–8 (Davies, Wilcox and Gummow JJ).
[58] Ibid 534–5; Bropho v Tickner [1993] FCA 25; (1993) 40 FCR 165, 172–3 (Wilcox J); Levy v Victoria [1997] HCA 31; (1997) 189 CLR 579, 604 (Brennan CJ); Roxon and Walker, above n 53, 112; Williams, above n 4, 377.
[59] Williams, above n 4, 365, 386; Roxon and Walker, above n 53, 112; Kenny, above n 53, 160.
[60] Williams, above n 4, 366. See, eg, Rules of the Supreme Court of Canada 2002 (C) r 92; Rules of Civil Procedure 1990 (O) rr 13.02–03.
[61] See, eg, Rules of Civil Procedure 1990 (O) rr 13.02–03.
[62] Hansen v Royal Insurance Co [1985] 52 OR (2d) 755, 758 (Steele J); affd [1986] 58 OR (2d) 52, 52 (Saunders, O’Brien and Fitzpatrick JJ); United Parcel Service Canada Ltd v Highway Transport Board (Ontario) [1989] 36 OAC 249, 250 (Gray J).
[63] See Williams, above n 4, 365, 373, 386, 392.
[64] Ibid 368; Christopher P Manfredi, Feminist Activism in the Supreme Court: Legal Mobilization and the Women’s Legal Education and Action Fund (2004) 15, 18–22, 150–3, 178; Law Reform Commission, Equality before the Law: Justice for Women, Report No 69 (1994) pt 2, 118–20.
[65] Roxon and Walker, above n 53, 113; Williams, above n 4, 371. See, eg, M(K) [1992] 3 SCR 6, 85 (Sopinka J).
[66] Factum of LEAF, Equality and the Charter: Ten Years of Feminist Advocacy before the Supreme Court of Canada (1996) xvii.
[67] M(K) [1992] 3 SCR 6, 84 (Sopinka J).
[68] Ibid.
[69] Ibid 17–82.
[70] Ibid 82 (L’Heureux‑Dubé J), 82–5 (Sopinka J), 85–6 (McLachlin J).
[71] Ibid 17.
[72] Ibid.
[73] Factum of LEAF, ‘M(K) v M(H)’, above n 27, 364, 371–2.
[74] M(K) [1992] 3 SCR 6, 26–7, citing: Denise Gelinas, ‘The Persisting Effects of Incest’ (1983) 46 Psychiatry 312, 313–14; Roland C Summit, ‘The Child Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome’ (1983) 7 Child Abuse and Neglect 177, 181; David Finkelhor and Angela Browne, ‘The Traumatic Impact of Child Sexual Abuse: A Conceptualization’ (1985) 55 American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 530, 532. Factum of LEAF also cited the same sources: ibid 369–72.
[75] M(K) [1992] 3 SCR 6, 32 (La Forest J for La Forest, Gonthier, Cory and Iacobucci JJ), approving Stubbings v Webb [1992] 1 QB 197, 212–13 (Browne‑Wilkinson V‑C).
[76] See especially Factum of LEAF, ‘M(K) v M(H)’, above n 27, 378, citing Stubbings v Webb [1991] 3 All ER 949. See also Factum of LEAF, ‘M(K) v M(H)’, above n 27, 364, 372, 377.
[77] M(K) [1992] 3 SCR 6, 27, citing Finkelhor and Browne, above n 74, 532. See also, Factum of LEAF, ‘M(K) v M(H)’, above n 27, 369–71, citing Finkelhor and Browne, above n 74, 532.
[78] M(K) [1992] 3 SCR 6, 35–6, citing Jocelyn B Lamm, ‘Easing Access to the Courts for Incest Victims: Toward an Equitable Application of the Delayed Discovery Rule’ (1991) 100 Yale Law Journal 2189, 2194–5. Factum of LEAF also cited the same source: Factum of LEAF, ‘M(K) v M(H)’, above n 27, 370–2.
[79] M(K) [1992] 3 SCR 6, 28 (La Forest J for La Forest, Gonthier, Cory and Iacobucci JJ), citing: Carolyn B Handler, ‘Civil Claims of Adults Molested as Children: Maturation of Harm and the Statute of Limitations Hurdle’ (1987) 15 Fordham Urban Law Journal 709, 716–17. See also M(K) [1992] 3 SCR 6, 35–6 (La Forest J for La Forest, Gonthier, Cory and Iacobucci JJ), citing: Lamm, above n 78, 2194–5; Summit, above n 74. Factum of LEAF also cited the same sources: Factum of LEAF, ‘M(K) v M(H)’, above n 27, 369–72.
[80] [1992] 3 SCR 6, 28 (La Forest J for La Forest, Gonthier, Cory and Iacobucci JJ).
[81] Ibid 61–2.
[82] Ibid 62, 65.
[83] Factum of LEAF, ‘M(K) v M(H)’, above n 27, 383–4.
[84] M(K) [1992] 3 SCR 6, 64 (La Forest J for La Forest, Gonthier, Cory and Iacobucci JJ).
[85] Ibid 66, citing: Follis v Albemarle (1941) 1 DLR 178; Henderson v Johnson (1956) 5 DLR (2d) 524, 533 (LeBel J); LAC Minerals Ltd v International Corona Resources Ltd [1989] 2 SCR 574, 606 (Sopinka J); J C Shepherd, The Law of Fiduciaries (1981) 30.
[86] Factum of LEAF, ‘M(K) v M(H)’, above n 27, 385. See also at 383–4.
[87] Ibid 384, citing Frame v Smith [1987] 2 SCR 99, 143 (Wilson J).
[88] M(K) [1992] 3 SCR 6, 64 (La Forest J for La Forest, Gonthier, Cory and Iacobucci JJ).
[89] Frame v Smith [1987] 2 SCR 99, 143 (Wilson J), quoted with approval in the case. See also Factum of LEAF, ‘M(K) v M(H)’, above n 27, 384.
[90] See generally Manfredi, above n 64, 150–3, 178.
[91] See ibid.
[92] M(K) [1992] 3 SCR 6, 61–2 (La Forest J for La Forest, Gonthier, Cory and Iacobucci JJ).
[93] (1993) 102 DLR (4th) 177.
[94] Ibid 183.
[95] Ibid 182–4, quoting M(K) [1992] 3 SCR 6, 61–2, 64 (La Forest J for La Forest, Gonthier, Cory and Iacobucci JJ).
[96] (1998) 166 DLR (4th) 475, 482.
[97] M(K) [1992] 3 SCR 6, 59 (La Forest J for La Forest, Gonthier, Cory and Iacobucci JJ).
[98] Graycar and Morgan, ‘Disabling Citizenship’, above n 2, 74–5.
[99] M(K) [1992] 3 SCR 6, 29–33 (La Forest J for La Forest, Gonthier, Cory and Iacobucci JJ).
[100] Ibid 29.
[101] Ibid.
[102] Factum of LEAF, ‘M(K) v M(H)’, above n 27, 374.
[103] M(K) [1992] 3 SCR 6, 17, 28, 30, 35–6 (La Forest J for La Forest, Gonthier, Cory and Iacobucci JJ).
[104] Factum of LEAF, ‘M(K) v M(H)’, above n 27, 364, 370–3, 369–72, 374.
[105] M(K) [1992] 3 SCR 6, 30 (La Forest J for La Forest, Gonthier, Cory and Iacobucci JJ).
[106] Ibid 31.
[107] Ibid 31–2, discussing R v L(WK) [1991] 1 SCR 1091.
[108] Factum of LEAF, ‘M(K) v M(H)’, above n 27, 374–5, discussing R v L(WK) [1991] 1 SCR 1091.
[109] M(K) [1992] 3 SCR 6, 26–7 (La Forest J for La Forest, Gonthier, Cory and Iacobucci JJ), citing: Gelinas, above n 74, 313–14; Summit, above n 74, 181; Finkelhor and Browne, above n 74, 532. See also Factum of LEAF, ‘M(K) v M(H)’, above n 27, 369–70, citing Summit, above n 74,
181–2; Factum of LEAF, ‘M(K) v M(H)’, above n 27, 371–2, citing Gelinas, above n 74,
315–23; Factum of LEAF, ‘M(K) v M(H)’, above n 27, 369–71, citing Finkelhor and Browne, above n 74, 532.
[110] M(K) [1992] 3 SCR 6, 17, 31 (La Forest J for La Forest, Gonthier, Cory and Iacobucci JJ); Factum of LEAF, ‘M(K) v M(H)’, above n 27, 371–2.
[111] R v L(WK) [1991] 1 SCR 1091, 1101 (Stevenson J), discussed in M(K) [1992] 3 SCR 6, 31–2 (La Forest J for La Forest, Gonthier, Cory and Iacobucci JJ); Factum of LEAF, ‘M(K) v M(H)’, above n 27, 375.
[112] M(K) [1992] 3 SCR 6, 35–9 (La Forest J for La Forest, Gonthier, Cory and Iacobucci JJ).
[113] Ibid 35.
[114] Ibid 47–8.
[115] Ibid 49.
[116] Ibid.
[117] See above nn 71–80 and accompanying text.
[118] M(K) [1992] 3 SCR 6, 48–9 (La Forest J for La Forest, Gonthier, Cory and Iacobucci JJ).
[119] See also Roxon and Walker, above n 53, 112; Manfredi, above n 64, 150–3, 178; Kenny, above n 53, 168; Andrea Durbach, ‘Interveners in High Court Litigation: A Comment’ [1998] AdelLawRw 16; (1998) 20 Adelaide Law Review 177; Jenny Blokland, ‘A Feminist Amicus Brief in the Stolen Generations (NT) Litigation’ [1997] AboriginalLawB 14; (1997) 3(89) Aboriginal Law Bulletin 10, 10–11, 13; Law Reform Commission, above n 64, pt 2, 115–16; Graycar and Morgan, ‘Disabling Citizenship’, above n 2, 70–1. See generally Kathy Mack, ‘“You Should Scrutinise Her Evidence with Great Care”: Corroboration of Women’s Testimony about Sexual Assault’ in Patricia Easteal (ed), Balancing the Scales: Rape, Law Reform and Australian Culture (1998) 59, 74.
[120] Roxon and Walker, above n 53, 113. See also Law Reform Commission, above n 64, pt 2, 116; Manfredi, above n 64, 18–20, 150–3, 178.
[121] See, eg, Factum of LEAF, ‘M(K) v M(H)’, above n 27, 383–5, citing: Follis v Albemarle (1941) 1 DLR 178; Henderson v Johnson (1956) 5 DLR (2d) 524, 533 (LeBel J); LAC Minerals Ltd v International Corona Resources Ltd [1989] 2 SCR 574, 606 (Sopinka J); Shepherd, above n 85, 30. M(K) [1992] 3 SCR 6, 66 (La Forest J for La Forest, Gonthier, Cory and Iacobucci JJ) cited the same sources. See also Factum of LEAF, ‘M(K) v M(H)’, above n 27, 384, citing Frame v Smith [1987] 2 SCR 99, 143 (Wilson J). See generally above Part III(B)(1).
[122] See generally Roxon and Walker, above n 53, 113; Julie Stubbs and Julia Tolmie, ‘Falling Short of the Challenge? A Comparative Assessment of the Australian Use of Expert Evidence on the Battered Woman Syndrome’ [1999] MelbULawRw 27; (1999) 23 Melbourne University Law Review 709, 711; Manfredi, above n 64, 150–3; Blokland, above n 119, 10–11, 13.
[123] See also Roxon and Walker, above n 53, 111–12; Manfredi, above n 64, 150–3, 178; Sir Anthony Mason, ‘Interveners and Amici Curiae in the High Court: A Comment’ [1998] AdelLawRw 15; (1998) 20 Adelaide Law Review 173, 173–4.
[124] Factum of LEAF, ‘M(K) v M(H)’, above n 27, 367–9; M(K) [1992] 3 SCR 6, 24–5 (La Forest J for La Forest, Gonthier, Cory and Iacobucci JJ).
[125] M(K) [1992] 3 SCR 6, 24–5, 49 (La Forest J for La Forest, Gonthier, Cory and Iacobucci JJ).
[126] Ibid 62.
[127] Ibid 32, approving Stubbings v Webb [1991] 3 All ER 949, 960 (Browne‑Wilkinson V‑C).
[128] See Roxon and Walker, above n 53, 112; Kenny, above n 53, 169; Law Reform Commission, above n 64, pt 2, 116.
[129] Roxon and Walker, above n 53, 112.
[130] See generally Blokland, above n 119.
[131] [1992] 3 SCR 6, 47–8 (La Forest J for La Forest, Gonthier, Cory and Iacobucci JJ).
[132] Ibid 27–8, 35–6 (La Forest J for La Forest, Gonthier, Cory and Iacobucci JJ). For the sources which were cited by both the Court in M(K) and in Factum of LEAF, ‘M(K) v M(H)’, above n 27, 369–72, see generally above nn 71–80 and accompanying text.
[133] See generally M(K) [1992] 3 SCR 6, 82–5 (Sopinka J), 85 (McLachlin J).
[134] Roxon and Walker, above n 53, 113; Law Reform Commission, above n 64, pt 2, 116.
[135] See above Part II(B).
[136] See generally Roxon and Walker, above n 53, 113; Senate Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs, Parliament of Australia, Gender Bias and the Judiciary (1994) 72.
[137] Senate Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs, above n 136, 72–4.
[138] Roxon and Walker, above n 53, 113; Williams, above n 4, 366–7, 393–4.
[139] Sarmas, ‘Storytelling and the Law’, above n 35, 703, 724–6. See also Roxon and Walker, above n 53, 112; Graycar and Morgan, The Hidden Gender of Law, above n 2, 431. See generally Blokland, above n 119. But see Lise Gotell, ‘Litigating Feminist “Truth”: An Antifoundational Critique’ (1995) 4 Social and Legal Studies 99; Sherene Razack, ‘Speaking for Ourselves: Feminist Jurisprudence and Minority Women’ (1991) 4 Canadian Journal of Women and the Law 440.
[140] Sarmas, ‘Storytelling and the Law’, above n 35, 703.
[141] Ibid. See also Andrew Koshner, Solving the Puzzle of Interest Group Litigation (1998) 100–1; Therese Henning and Simon Bronitt, ‘Rape Victims on Trial: Regulating the Use and Abuse of Sexual History Evidence’ in Patricia Easteal (ed), Balancing the Scales: Rape, Law Reform and Australian Culture (1998) 76, 93.
[142] Williams, above n 4, 376.
[143] See above nn 46–9 and accompanying text.
[144] See Otto, above n 37, 825; Sarmas, ‘Storytelling and the Law’, above n 35, 703, 725; Ngaire Naffine, ‘Possession: Erotic Love in the Law of Rape’ (1994) 57 Modern Law Review 10,
21–31; Graycar and Morgan, The Hidden Gender of Law, above n 2, 354–6; Alison Young, ‘The Waste Land of the Law, the Wordless Song of the Rape Victim’ [1998] MelbULawRw 18; (1998) 22 Melbourne University Law Review 442, 456–62; Richard Delgado and Jean Stefancic, ‘Norms and Narratives: Can Judges Avoid Serious Moral Error?’ (1991) 69 Texas Law Review 1929, 1933; Mack, above n 119, 64–73.
[146] See generally ibid.
[147] Ibid 825.
[148] See Hospital Products [1984] HCA 64; (1984) 156 CLR 41, 96–7 (Mason J); Chan [1984] HCA 36; (1984) 154 CLR 178, 198 (Deane J); Parkinson, ‘The Conscience of Equity’, above n 42, 38–9; Parkinson, ‘Fiduciary Obligations’, above n 9, 352, 362.
[149] [1992] 3 SCR 6, 24 (La Forest J for La Forest, Gonthier, Cory and Iacobucci JJ).
[150] See Factum of LEAF, ‘M(K) v M(H)’, above n 27, 383–4. See further above Part III(B)(1).
[151] Williams, above n 4, 376; Joseph Kearney and Thomas Merrill, ‘The Influence of Amicus Curiae Briefs on the Supreme Court’ (2000) 148 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 743, 750; Manfredi, above n 64, 33, 150–3, 178.
[152] Manfredi, above n 64, 33, 150–3; Factum of LEAF, Equality and the Charter, above n 66, xxv; Law Reform Commission, above n 64, pt 2, 120–2.
[153] Manfredi, above n 64, 18, Table 1.2.
[154] Ibid 20.
[155] Ibid.
[156] Williams, above n 4, 386.
[157] Parkinson, ‘The Conscience of Equity’, above n 42, 47–8. See Patricia Loughlan, ‘The Historical Role of the Equitable Jurisdiction’ in Patrick Parkinson (ed), The Principles of Equity (2nd ed, 2003) 3, 11.
[158] Norberg [1992] 2 SCR 226, 272 (McLachlin J for L’Heureux‑Dubé and McLachlin JJ).
[159] Hospital Products [1984] HCA 64; (1984) 156 CLR 41, 96–7 (Mason J); Parkinson, ‘The Conscience of Equity’, above n 42, 38.
[160] Loughlan, above n 157, 10–11; Denis Browne (ed), Ashburner’s Principles of Equity (2nd ed, 1933) 177–8.
[161] Yerkey v Jones [1939] HCA 3; (1939) 63 CLR 649, 683–6 (Dixon J); Garcia v National Australia Bank Ltd [1998] HCA 48; (1998) 194 CLR 395, 404–9 (Gaudron, McHugh, Gummow and Hayne JJ), 440–3 (Callinan J).
[162] Roxon and Walker, above n 53, 113. See generally Graycar and Morgan, The Hidden Gender of Law, above n 2, 354–6; Jane Doe v Board of Commissioners of Police for Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto (1998) 160 DLR (4th) 697, 702 (MacFarland J). See also L’Heureux‑Dubé J’s dissent in R v Osolin [1993] 4 SCR 595, 628.
[163] Loughlan, above n 157, 5, 9; Dal Pont and Chalmers, above n 10, 3. See also Otto, above n 37, 825–6.
[164] Dal Pont and Chalmers, above n 10, 3.
[165] Ibid 3–4.
[166] Ibid 4.
[167] Loughlan, above n 157, 4, 8.
[168] Ibid 4.
[169] Ibid. See also Sir Anthony Mason, ‘The Place of Equity and Equitable Doctrines in the Contemporary Common Law World: An Australian Perspective’ in Donovan Waters (ed), Equity, Fiduciaries and Trusts, 1993 (1993) 3, 5.
[170] Breen v Williams (1994) 35 NSWLR 522, 532–3 (Kirby P), citing: Rushby v Roberts (1983) 1 NSWLR 350, 354 (Street CJ); R v Murphy (1986) 5 NSWLR 18; E I Du Pont de Nemours & Co v Commissioner of Patents [No 5] (1989) 17 NSWLR 389; United States Tobacco Co v Minister for Consumer Affairs (1988) 19 FCR 184, 199 (Einfeld J); United States Tobacco Co v Minister for Consumer Affairs (1988) 20 FCR 520 (Davies, Wilcox and Gummow JJ); R v Cook; Ex parte Twigg [1980] HCA 36; (1980) 147 CLR 15, 17 (T E F Hughes QC, during argument); Commonwealth v Tasmania [1983] HCA 21; (1983) 158 CLR 1, 50 (M E J Black QC, during argument).
[171] Breen v Williams (1994) 35 NSWLR 522, 533 (Kirby P).
[172] Ibid.
[173] See generally Warman International Ltd v Dwyer [1995] HCA 18; (1995) 182 CLR 544, 559 (Mason CJ, Brennan, Deane, Dawson and Gaudron JJ); Chan [1984] HCA 36; (1984) 154 CLR 178, 205 (Deane J); Pilmer [2001] HCA 31; (2001) 207 CLR 165, 224–5 (Kirby J); Loughlan, above n 157, 4, 6; Joyce, above n 1, 249.
[174] See Cowie, above n 27, 371–2; Howe, above n 1, 64–5; Factum of LEAF, ‘M(K) v M(H)’, above n 27, 375.
[175] See especially M(K) [1992] 3 SCR 6, 82 (L’Heureux‑Dubé J), 86 (McLachlin J); Factum of LEAF, ‘M(K) v M(H)’, above n 27, 383–5. See also M(K) [1992] 3 SCR 6, 61–2, 68–9 (La Forest J for La Forest, Gonthier, Cory and Iacobucci JJ); J(LA) (1993) 102 DLR (4th) 177, 188 (Rutherford J); Joyce, above n 1, 262. See above Part II(B).
[177] Ibid.
[178] See above Part II(B).
[179] Sheehy, above n 34, 205; Des Rosiers, above n 1, 206; Sarmas, ‘Storytelling and the Law’, above n 35, 727–8. See above nn 26–34 and accompanying text.
[180] [1998] FCA 1711; (1998) 90 FCR 489, 491, 495, 500, 508 (Miles, Lehane and Weinberg JJ).
[181] Ibid 505.
[182] Ibid 504–5. See also at 507 (Miles, Lehane and Weinberg JJ), approving Breen (1996) 186 CLR 71, 93–4 (Dawson and Toohey JJ), 136 (Gummow J), 110 (Gaudron and McHugh JJ).
[183] Paramasivam [1998] FCA 1711; (1998) 90 FCR 489, 505 (Miles, Lehane and Weinberg JJ).
[184] See above Part II(B).
[185] See Joyce, above n 1, 262.
[186] Frame v Smith [1987] 2 SCR 99, 143 (Wilson J), quoted with approval in M(K) [1992] 3 SCR 6, 64 (La Forest J for La Forest, Gonthier, Cory and Iacobucci JJ).
[187] See above Part IV(A); Sarmas, ‘Storytelling and the Law’, above n 35, 703, 724–6.
[188] See above Part III(B)(1).
[189] [1998] FCA 1711; (1998) 90 FCR 489, 512 (Miles, Lehane and Weinberg JJ). See also Paramasivam v Flynn [1998] ACTSC 10 (Unreported, Gallop J, 2 March 1998) [36].
[190] [1992] 3 SCR 6, 28 (La Forest J for La Forest, Gonthier, Cory and Iacobucci JJ), citing Handler, above n 79, 716–17; M(K) [1992] 3 SCR 6, 35–6 (La Forest J for La Forest, Gonthier, Cory and Iacobucci JJ), citing: Lamm, above n 78, 2194–5; Summit, above n 74. Factum of LEAF cited the same sources: Factum of LEAF, ‘M(K) v M(H)’, above n 27, 369–72. See above nn 77–80 and accompanying text.
[191] [1992] 3 SCR 6, 28 (La Forest J for La Forest, Gonthier, Cory and Iacobucci JJ).
[192] Williams (1994) 35 NSWLR 497, 516 (Priestley JA).
[193] See above nn 119–29 and accompanying text.
[194] M(K) [1992] 3 SCR 6, 61–2 (La Forest J for La Forest, Gonthier, Cory and Iacobucci JJ).
[195] Paramasivam [1998] FCA 1711; (1998) 90 FCR 489, 505 (Miles, Lehane and Weinberg JJ).
[196] See Limitation Act 1985 (ACT) s 11(1); Paramasivam [1998] FCA 1711; (1998) 90 FCR 489, 491, 504 (Miles, Lehane and Weinberg JJ).
[197] See Paramasivam v Flynn [1998] ACTSC 10 (Unreported, Gallop J, 2 March 1998) [47]; affd [1998] FCA 1711; (1998) 90 FCR 489, 495, 497, 501 (Miles, Lehane and Weinberg JJ).
[198] Paramasivam v Flynn [1998] ACTSC 10 (Unreported, Gallop J, 2 March 1998) [36]; affd [1998] FCA 1711; (1998) 90 FCR 489, 509–10.
[199] Paramasivam v Flynn [1998] ACTSC 10 (Unreported, Gallop J, 2 March 1998) [36]; affd [1998] FCA 1711; (1998) 90 FCR 489, 497, 501, 509–10.
[200] Paramasivam v Flynn [1998] ACTSC 10 (Unreported, Gallop J, 2 March 1998) [36]; affd [1998] FCA 1711; (1998) 90 FCR 489, 509–10.
[201] Paramasivam v Flynn [1998] ACTSC 10 (Unreported, Gallop J, 2 March 1998) [42]. See also Paramasivam [1998] FCA 1711; (1998) 90 FCR 489, 495 (Miles, Lehane and Weinberg JJ).
[202] See above Part III(B)(2).
[203] See M(K) [1992] 3 SCR 6, 30 (La Forest J for La Forest, Gonthier, Cory and Iacobucci JJ).
[204] See above nn 106–11 and accompanying text.
[205] [1998] FCA 1711; (1998) 90 FCR 489, 497 (Miles, Lehane and Weinberg JJ).
[206] Paramasivam v Flynn [1998] ACTSC 10 (Unreported, Gallop J, 2 March 1998) [42]; affd [1998] FCA 1711; (1998) 90 FCR 489, 495 (Miles, Lehane and Weinberg JJ).
[207] Paramasivam [1998] FCA 1711; (1998) 90 FCR 489, 508 (Miles, Lehane and Weinberg JJ).
[208] See Factum of LEAF, ‘M(K) v M(H)’, above n 27, 374–5, discussing R v L(WK) [1991] 1 SCR 1091. See above nn 106–11 and accompanying text.
[209] See M(K) [1992] 3 SCR 6, 31–2 (La Forest J for La Forest, Gonthier, Cory and Iacobucci JJ), discussing R v L(WK) [1991] 1 SCR 1091. See further above nn 106–11 and accompanying text. See also Graycar and Morgan, ‘Disabling Citizenship’, above n 2, 74–5.
[210] [1992] 3 SCR 6, 32 (La Forest J for La Forest, Gonthier, Cory and Iacobucci JJ), approving Stubbings v Webb [1991] 3 All ER 949, 960 (Browne‑Wilkinson V‑C). See also Factum of LEAF, ‘M(K) v M(H)’, above n 27, 364, 372, 377, 378; above nn 122–7 and accompanying text.
[211] See M(K) [1992] 3 SCR 6, 26–7 (La Forest J for La Forest, Gonthier, Cory and Iacobucci JJ), citing: Gelinas, above n 74, 313–14; Summit, above n 74, 181; Finkelhor and Browne, above n 74, 532. Factum of LEAF cited the same sources: Factum of LEAF, ‘M(K) v M(H)’, above n 27, 369–72. See above n 74 and accompanying text.
[212] Paramasivam v Flynn [1998] ACTSC 10 (Unreported, Gallop J, 2 March 1998) [31], [65]; affd [1998] FCA 1711; (1998) 90 FCR 489, 508 (Miles, Lehane and Weinberg JJ).
[213] Paramasivam v Flynn [1998] ACTSC 10 (Unreported, Gallop J, 2 March 1998) [73]; affd [1998] FCA 1711; (1998) 90 FCR 489, 508–9 (Miles, Lehane and Weinberg JJ).
[214] See especially Des Rosiers, above n 1, 204–5. See also Graycar and Morgan, The Hidden Gender of Law, above n 2, 355–6; Senate Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs, above n 136, 55; Mack, above n 119, 64–73. See Question of Law Reserved on Acquittal Pursuant to Section 350(1A) Criminal Law Consolidation Act (No 1 of 1993) [1993] SASC 3896; (1993) 59 SASR 214, 216 (King CJ).
[215] See generally above nn 43–51 and accompanying text. See also Des Rosiers, above n 1, 205.
[216] See above Part IV(A).
[217] See especially M(K) [1992] 3 SCR 6, 47–8 (La Forest J for La Forest, Gonthier, Cory and Iacobucci JJ). The Court in M(K) cited the same sources as those cited in Factum of LEAF, ‘M(K) v M(H)’, above n 27, 374. See also at 369–72, citing: Handler, above n 79, 716–19; Lamm, above n 78, 2192–5; Summit, above n 74, 184–6. See further Des Rosiers, above n 1, 205; Marfording, above n 25, 250–2; Graycar and Morgan, ‘Disabling Citizenship’, above n 2, 70–1.
[218] Paramasivam v Flynn [1998] ACTSC 10 (Unreported, Gallop J, 2 March 1998) [36], [79]; affd [1998] FCA 1711; (1998) 90 FCR 489, 509 (Miles, Lehane and Weinberg JJ).
[219] See M(K) [1992] 3 SCR 6, 35 (La Forest J for La Forest, Gonthier, Cory and Iacobucci JJ). See also above nn 112–15 and accompanying text.
[220] See M(K) [1992] 3 SCR 6, 48–9 (La Forest J for La Forest, Gonthier, Cory and Iacobucci JJ).
[221] Paramasivam v Flynn [1998] ACTSC 10 (Unreported, Gallop J, 2 March 1998) [77]; affd [1998] FCA 1711; (1998) 90 FCR 489, 509 (Miles, Lehane and Weinberg JJ).
[222] Paramasivam v Flynn [1998] ACTSC 10 (Unreported, Gallop J, 2 March 1998) [80].
[223] [1992] 3 SCR 6, 48 (La Forest J for La Forest, Gonthier, Cory and Iacobucci JJ).
[224] Factum of LEAF, ‘M(K) v M(H)’, above n 27, 372.
[225] [1992] 3 SCR 6, 48–9 (La Forest J for La Forest, Gonthier, Cory and Iacobucci JJ).
[226] See Joyce, above n 1, 266–7; Sarmas, ‘Uncovering Issues of Sexual Violence in Equity and Trusts Law’, above n 1, 215–18; Howe, above n 1, 70–5; Des Rosiers, above n 1, 202–7.
[227] See Joyce, above n 1, 260–2; Howe, above n 1, 61–2; Graycar and Morgan, ‘Disabling Citizenship’, above n 2, 65–6, 68, 71; Flannigan, above n 26, 306. See generally Mathews, above n 25, 219–21.
[228] Sarmas, ‘Uncovering Issues of Sexual Violence in Equity and Trusts Law’, above n 1, 207, 209, 215–18; Otto, above n 37, 818, 823.
[229] See Graycar and Morgan, The Hidden Gender of Law, above n 2, 356; Boyle, above n 2; Graycar and Morgan, ‘Disabling Citizenship’, above n 2, 65.
[230] Des Rosiers, above n 1, 203–6; Sarmas, ‘Uncovering Issues of Sexual Violence in Equity and Trusts Law’, above n 1, 207, 215–18; Joyce, above n 1, 240, 266; Howe, above n 1, 61–2. See generally Flannigan, above n 26.
[231] See Otto, above n 37, 825; Naffine, above n 144, 21–31; Young, above n 144, 456–62; Delgado and Stefancic, above n 144, 1933; Mack, above n 119, 64–73.