• Specific Year
    Any

King, Michael S --- "Restorative Justice, Therapeutic Jurisprudence and the Rise of Emotionally Intelligent Justice" [2008] MelbULawRw 34; (2008) 32(3) Melbourne University Law Review 1096

[*] BJuris, LLB (Hons) (UWA), MA, PhD (MUM); Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Law, Monash University; Formerly Perth Drug Court Magistrate and Geraldton Magistrate. The author would like to thank the anonymous referees for their helpful comments.

[†] Lawrence W Sherman, ‘Reason for Emotion: Reinventing Justice with Theories, Innovations, and Research — The American Society of Criminology 2002 Presidential Address’ (2003) 41 Criminology 1, 6.

[‡] Arie Freiberg, ‘Non‑Adversarial Approaches to Criminal Justice’ (2007) 16 Journal of Judicial Administration 205; Susan Daicoff, ‘The Role of Therapeutic Jurisprudence within the Comprehensive Law Movement’ in Dennis P Stolle, David B Wexler and Bruce J Winick (eds), Practicing Therapeutic Jurisprudence: Law as a Helping Profession (2000) 465; Michael S King et al, Non‑Adversarial Justice (2009) (forthcoming).

[§] See generally Michael S King, ‘Towards a More Comprehensive Resolution of Conflict: The Role of Restorative Justice’ (Paper presented at the Restorative Justice: Bringing Justice and Community Together Conference, Melbourne, 14 May 2008) <http://www.varj.asn.au/pdf/08_

KingM_MoreComprehensiveConflictResolution_RoleofRJ.pdf>.

[**] David B Wexler, Therapeutic Jurisprudence: The Law as a Therapeutic Agent (1990); David B Wexler and Bruce J Winick (eds), Essays in Therapeutic Jurisprudence (1991). A therapeutic jurisprudence bibliography is available on the website of the International Network on Therapeutic Jurisprudence: The University of Arizona James E Rogers College of Law, TJ Bibliography Complete List (2002) International Network on Therapeutic Jurisprudence <http://www.law.arizona.edu/depts/upr-intj/> . For Australasian resources, see the website of the Australasian Therapeutic Jurisprudence Clearinghouse: Australasian Therapeutic Jurisprudence Clearinghouse, Resources (2008) The Australasian Institute of Judicial Administration <http://www.aija.org.au/index.php?option=com_content & task=view & id=421 & Itemid=139> .

[††] Daniel W Van Ness and Karen Heetderks Strong, Restoring Justice (2nd ed, 2002) 38.

[‡‡] Ibid 55–78.

[§§] See, eg, Daniel Goleman, Emotional Intelligence (1995).

[***] John D Mayer, Richard D Roberts and Sigal G Barsade, ‘Human Abilities: Emotional Intelligence’ (2008) 59 Annual Review of Psychology 507, 510 (citations omitted).

[†††] See, eg, Keith Oatley, Emotions: A Brief History (2004); Michael S King, ‘Natural Law and the Bhagavad‑Gita: The Vedic Concept of Natural Law’ (2003) 16 Ratio Juris 399.

[‡‡‡] See, eg, John D Mayer and Peter Salovey, ‘The Intelligence of Emotional Intelligence’ (1993) 17 Intelligence 433; Goleman, Emotional Intelligence, above n 7.

[§§§] Howard Gardner, Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences (1st ed, 1983).

[****] Ibid 240.

[††††] Reuven Bar‑On, ‘The Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Subjective Well‑Being’ (2005) 23(2) Perspectives in Education 41.

[‡‡‡‡] Mayer and Salovey, ‘The Intelligence of Emotional Intelligence’, above n 10, 433 (citations omitted).

[§§§§] John D Mayer and Peter Salovey, ‘What Is Emotional Intelligence?’ in Peter Salovey and David J Sluyter (eds), Emotional Development and Emotional Intelligence: Educational Implications (1997) 3, 10.

Mayer, Roberts and Barsade, above n 8, 511&#8[.]14.

Ibid[.]

Ibid 514[.]

Reuven Bar[&#82]On, ‘Emotional and Social Intelligence: Insights from the Emotional Quotient Inventory’ in Reuven Bar‑On and James D A Parker (eds), The Handbook of Emotional Intelligence: Theory, Development, Assessment, and Application at Home, School, and in the Workplace (2000) 363, 385.

Ibid[.]

Daniel Goleman, Working with Emotional Intelligence (1998) 26–7[.]

Ibid[.]

John D Mayer, Peter Salovey and David R Caruso, ‘Emotional Intelligence as Zeitgeist, as Personality, and as a Mental Ability’ in Reuven Bar‑On and James D A Parker (eds), The Handbook of Emotional Intelligence: Theory, Development, Assessment, and Application at Home, School, and in the Workplace (2000) 92, 101–2[.]

Goleman, Working with Emotional Intelligence, above n 21[.], 320.

Gerald Matthews, Richard D Roberts and Moshe Zeidner, ‘Seven Myths about Emotional Intelligence’ (2004) 15 Psychological Inquiry 179, 189–92[.]

Peter Salovey and Daisy Grewal[, ]‘The Science of Emotional Intelligence’ (2005) 14 Current Directions in Psychological Science 281, 283–4.

Ibid 284; Paulo N Lopes et al[, ]‘Emotional Intelligence and Social Interaction’ (2004) 30 Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 1018, 1030−2.

Catherine S Daus and Neal M Ashkanasy[, ]‘The Case for the Ability‑Based Model of Emotional Intelligence in Organizational Behavior’ (2005) 26 Journal of Organizational Behavior 453, 459−60.

Mayer, Roberts and Barsade, above n 8[.], 523.

Daus and Ashkanasy, above n 28, 460&#[.]1.

See, eg, Lynn Waterhouse, ‘Multiple Intelligences, the Mozart Effect, and Emotional Intelligence: A Critical Review’ (2006) 41 Educational Psychologist 207, 216−18, 220−1[.]

See, eg, Matthews, Roberts and Zeidner, above n 25; Joseph Ciarrochi and John D Mayer (eds), Applying Emotional Intelligence: A Practitioner’s Guide (2007); Waterhouse, above n 31, 218; Daus and Ashkanasy, above n [.].

Moshe Zeidner, Richard D Roberts and Gerald Matthews, ‘The Emotional Intelligence Bandwagon: Too Fast to Live, Too Young to Die?’ (2004) 15 Psychological Inquiry 239, 246[.]

See Paul McCold, ‘Primary Restorative Justice Practices’ in Allison Morris and Gabrielle Maxwell (eds), Restorative Justice for Juveniles: Conferencing, Mediation and Circles (2001) 41[.]

Tony F Marshall, ‘The Evolution of Restorative Justice in Britain’ (1996) 4(4) European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research 21, 34−5[.]

See, eg, Elmar G M Weitekamp, ‘The History of Restorative Justice’ in Gordon Bazemore and Lode Walgrave (eds), Restorative Juvenile Justice: Repairing the Harm of Youth Crime (1999) 75[.]

Anthony Bottoms, ‘Some Sociological Reflections on Restorative Justice’ in Andrew Von Hirsch et al (eds), Restorative Justice and Criminal Justice: Competing or Reconcilable Paradigms? (2003) 79; Declan Roche, Accountability in Restorative Justice (2003) 7, 33, 33 fn 8[.]

See generally Van Ness and Strong, above n 5; Howard Zehr, Changing Lenses: A New Focus for Crime and Justice (3rd ed,[.]2005).

James Dignan, Understanding Victims and Restorative Justice (2005) 63–5[.]

Heather Strang, Repair or Revenge: Victims and Restorative Justice (2002) 1–24[.]

See generally Dignan, above n [.].

Van Ness and Strong, above n [.].

Nils Christie, ‘Conflicts as Property’ (1977) 17 British Journal of Criminology 1, 3−4[.]

Van Ness and Strong, above n 5[.], 17.

Ibid 24–7[.]

Marshall, above[&#]n 35, 37.

See, eg, Paul McCold, ‘Toward a Holistic Vision of Restorative Juvenile Justice: A Reply to the Maximalist Model’ (2000) 3 Contemporary Justice Review 357, 358[.]

For a review of these effects[, ]see Dignan, above n 39, 23–31.

Ibid 24[.]

Zehr, above n 38[.], 194.

Ibid 200[.]

Ibid[.]

Ibid[.]

Ibid[.]

Dean E Peachey, ‘The Kitchener Experiment’ in Martin Wright and Burt Galaway (eds), Mediation and Criminal Justice: Victims, Offenders and Community (1989) 14, 14−16[.]

For example, ss 2730 of the Sentencing Act 1995 (WA) empowers a court to order a

victim–offender mediation report[. ]The mediation is conducted by the Victim Offender Mediation Unit of the Department of Corrective Services: Department of Corrective Services, Government of Western Australia, Offender Mediation <http://www.correctiveservices.wa.gov.au/O/offender mediation.aspx> . The Department of Corrective Services in New South Wales also offers victim–offender mediation: Department of Corrective Services, New South Wales Government, The NSW Department of Corrective Services: Restorative Justice Unit <

http://www.dcs.nsw.gov.au/ offender_management/restorative_justice/index.asp>. See also Mark S Umbreit, The Handbook of Victim Offender Mediation: An Essential Guide to Practice and Research (2001).

McCold, ‘Primary Restorative Justice Practices’, above n 34[.], 45.

See Terry O’Connell, ‘From Wagga Wagga to Minnesota’ (Paper presented at the First North American Conference on Conferencing, Minneapolis, 6−8 August 1998) <http://www[.]iirp.org/

library/nacc/nacc_oco.html>; John Braithwaite, Crime, Shame and Reintegration (1989).

Young Offenders Act 1997 (NSW) pt 5.

Terry O’Connell, Ben Wachtel and Ted Wachtel, Conferencing Handbook: The Real Justice Training Manual (1999)[.]

McCold, ‘Primary Restorative Justice Practices’, above n 34, 52&#[.]3.

For a discussion on the nature and effectiveness of Aboriginal sentencing courts in Australia[, ]see Law Reform Commission of Western Australia, Aboriginal Customary Laws: The Interaction of Western Australian Law with Aboriginal Law and Culture Final Report, Project No 94 (2006) 122–36; Elena Marchetti and Kathleen Daly, ‘Indigenous Sentencing Courts: Towards a Theoretical and Jurisprudential Model’ [2007] SydLawRw 17; (2007) 29 Sydney Law Review 415. Koori courts operate at the Bairnsdale, Broadmeadows, Latrobe Valley, Mildura, Shepparton, Swan Hill and Warrnambool Magistrates’ Courts: Magistrates’ Court of Victoria, Koori Court (2008) <http://www.magistratescourt.vic.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/Magistrates+Court/Home/Specialist+Jurisdictions/Koori+Court/> . A Koori Court has also recently been established at the County Court of Victoria to operate as a pilot program at the La Trobe Valley Law Courts, Morwell: County Court of Victoria, County Koori Court Practice Note (Reference No PNCR 3/2008, 2008) <http://www.vicbar.com.au/GetFile.ashx?file=GeneralFiles%2FPNCR_3-2008_County_

Koori_Court+(2).pdf>.

See Jacqueline Fitzgerald, ‘Does Circle Sentencing Reduce Aboriginal Offending?’ (Crime and Justice Bulletin No 115, New South [W]ales Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research, 2008) <http://www.bocsar.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/bocsar/ll_bocsar.nsf/vwFiles/cjb115.pdf/$file/

cjb115.pdf>.

See, eg, Elena Marchetti and Kathleen Daly, ‘Indigenous Courts and Justice Practices in Australia’ (Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice No 277, Australian Institute of Criminology, Australian Government, 2004) 4[.]

For a review, see Lawrence W Sherman and Heather Strang, Restorative Justice: The Evidence (2007)[.]

Heather Strang et al, ‘Victim Evaluations of Face‑to‑Face Restorative Justice Conferences: A Quasi‑Experimental Analysis’ (2006) 62 Journal of Social Issues 281, 285, 295, 298, 300−1[.]

Ibid 302[.]

Lawrence W Sherman et al, ‘Effects of Face‑to‑Face Restorative Justice on Victims of Crime in Four Randomized, Controlled Trials’ (2005) 1 Journal of Experimental Criminology 367, 392[.]

Caroline M Angel, Crime Victims Meet Their Offenders: Testing the Impact of Restorative Justice Conferences on Victims’ Post‑Traumatic Stress Symptoms (PhD Thesis, University of Pennsylvania, 2005); Sherman and Strang, above n 65[.], 64.

Sherman and Strang, above n 65[.], 64.

See[, ]eg, James Bonta, Suzanne Wallace‑Capretta and Jennifer Rooney, Restorative Justice: An Evaluation of the Restorative Resolutions Project (1998) <http://ww2.ps-sp.gc.ca/publications/

corrections/pdf/199810b_e.pdf>.

See, eg, Jeff Latimer, Craig Dowden and Danielle Muise, ‘The Effectiveness of Restorative Justice Practices: A Meta‑Analysis’ (2005) 85 Prison Journal 127, 131[.]

Rates of arrest are regarded by some commentators as less rigorous than conviction rates as they are affected by police arrest practices and, in some jurisdictions, offenders can be arrested on several occasions for the same offence: Joanna Shapland et al, ‘Does Restorative Justice Affect Reconviction?: The Fourth Report from the Evaluation of Three Schemes’ (Ministry of Justice Research Series 10/08, 2008) 10[.]

See, eg, ibid; Sherman and Strang, above n 65, 68&#8[.]71.

Latimer, Dowden and Muise, above n 72[.], 137.

William R Nuge[n]t, Mona Williams and Mark S Umbreit, ‘Participation in Victim−Offender Mediation and the Prevalence and Severity of Subsequent Delinquent Behavior: A Meta‑Analysis’ [2003] Utah Law Review 137, 161−3; William Bradshaw and David Roseborough, ‘Restorative Justice Dialogue: The Impact of Mediation and Conferencing on Juvenile Recidivism’ (2005) 69(2) Federal Probation 15, 19.

Bradshaw and Roseborough, above n 76[.], 19.

Sherman and Strang, above n 65[.], 70.

Jaimie P Beven et al, ‘Re[s]toration or Renovation? Evaluating Restorative Justice Outcomes’ (2005) 12 Psychiatry, Psychology and Law 194, 195−6.

Shapland et al, ‘Does Restorative Justice Affect Reconviction?’, above n [.].

Sherman and Strang, above n 65[.], 20. Not all offences brought to the attention of police result in a successful prosecution. Prosecutors do not always proceed with charges and defendants may also abscond. The research cited suggests that restorative justice is more effective in resolving offences than the prosecutorial alternative. Perhaps this is because offenders do not face the risk of imprisonment and because the process is more sensitive to the needs of victims and offenders than conventional court processes. Thus, offenders may be more prepared to admit to their wrongdoing and accept the consequences.

Ibid 136.

Latimer, Dowden and Muise, above n 72[.], 136.

Joanna Shapland et al, Centre for Criminological Research, University of Sheffield, ‘Restorative Justice: The Views of Victims and Offenders — The Third Report from the Evaluation of Three Schemes’ (Ministry of Justice Research Series 3/07, 2007)[.]

Ibid 27[.]

Beven et al, above n 79, 196&#[.]7.

Van Ness and Strong, above n 5, 55&#8[.]78.

Ibid; Strang, above n 40, 110&#8[.]11.

Van Ness and Strong, above n 5, 68&#8[.]9.

Gerry Johnstone, Restorative Justice: Ideas, Values, Debates (2005) 117[.]

Nathan Harris, Lode Walgrave and John Braithwaite, ‘Emotional Dynamics in Restorative Conferences’ (2004) 8 Theoretical Criminology 191, 202–3[.]

Johnstone, Restorative Justice, above n 90[.], 117.

Zehr, above n 38, 20&#[.]1.

Ibid[.]

Harris, Walgrave and Braithwaite, above n 91[.], 192.

Ibid[.]

See Braithwaite, Crime, Shame and Reintegration, above n 58[.], 55.

See Gabrielle Maxwell and Allison Morris, ‘The Role of Shame, Guilt, and Remorse in Restorative Justice Processes for Young People’ in Elmar G M Weitekamp and Hans‑Jürgen Kerner (eds), Restorative Justice: Theoretical Foundations (2002) 267[.]

Harris, Walgrave and Braithwaite, above n 91[.], 202.

Suzanne M Retzinger and Thomas J Scheff, [&#821]Strategy for Community Conferences: Emotions and Social Bonds’ in Burt Galaway and Joe Hudson (eds), Restorative Justice: International Perspectives (1996) 315, 316.

John Braithwaite, ‘Doing Justice Intelligently in Civil Society’ (2006) 62 Journal of Social Issues 393, 404[.]

Sherman and Strang, above n 65[.], 70.

Ibid[.]

Braithwaite, ‘Doing Justice Intelligently in Civil Society’, above n 101[.], 407.

Ibid 406[.]

See above nn 93103 and accom[.]anying text.

This analysis applies the transtheoretical stages of change model that describes the stages and processes involved in deliberate behavioural change: James O Prochaska, Carlo C DiClemente and John C Norcross, ‘In Search of How People Change: Applications to Addictive Behaviors’ (1992) 47 American Psychologist 1102, 1103−4[.]

Gwen Robinson and Joanna Shapland, ‘Reducing Recidivism: A Task for Restorative Justice?’ (2008) 48 British Journal of Criminology 337, 347[.]

For a review of principal criticisms of restorative justice, see Gerry Johnstone, ‘Critical Perspectives on Restorative Justice’ in Gerry Johnstone and Daniel W Van Ness (eds), Handbook of Restorative Justice (2007) 598[.]

Zehr, above n [.].

Ibid; John Braithwaite, ‘Restorative Justice: Assessing Optimistic and Pessimistic Accounts’ (1999) 25 Crime and Justice: A Review of Research 1, 69, 80, 105−6[.] See also Umbreit, above n 56, 43.

Braithwaite, ‘Restorative Justice’, above n 111, 49&#8[.]50.

Annalise Acorn, Compulsory Compassion: A Critique of Restorative Justice (2004) 148[.]

Braithwaite, ‘Restorative Justice’, above n 111, 82&#[.]3.

Acorn, above n 113, 72&#[.]4.

Braithwaite, ‘Restorative Justice’, above n 111, 84; Umbreit, above n 56, [.]16–31.

Braithwaite, ‘Restorative Justice’, above n 111, 83–4; Allison Morris and Loraine Gelsthorpe, ‘Re‑Visioning Men’s Violence against Female Partners’ (2000) 39 Howard Journal 41[.], 417.

M S Umbreit, B Vos and R B Coates, Center for Restorative Justice & Peacemaking, Restorative Justice Dialogue: Evidence‑Based Practice (2006) 8–9, cf 11 <http://cehd[.]umn.edu/ssw/rjp/

PDFs/RJ_Dialogue_Evidence-based_Practice_1-06.pdf>.

Law Reform Commission of Western Australia, Court Intervention Programs: Consultation Paper, Project No 96 (2008) 31[.]

Sherman and Strang, above n 65[.], 78.

Wexler, Therapeutic Jurisprudence, above n 4; Wexler and Winick, Essays in Therapeutic Jurisprudence, above n [.].

Wexler, Therapeutic Jurisprudence, above n 4; Wexler and Winick, Essays in Therapeutic Jurisprudence, above n [.].

Alfred Allan and Marietjie M Allan, ‘The South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission as a Therapeutic Tool’ (2000) 18 Behavioral Sciences & the Law 459.

Gregory Baker, &#8216[;]Rediscovering Therapeutic Jurisprudence in Overlooked Areas of the Law — How Exposing Its Presence in the Environmental Justice Movement Can Legitimize the Paradigm and Make the Case for Its Inclusion into All Aspects of Legal Education and the Practice of Law’ (2008) 9 Florida Coastal Law Review 215.

James M Cooper, &#8216[;]State of the Nation: Therapeutic Jurisprudence and the Evolution of the Right of Self‑Determination in International Law’ (1999) 17 Behavioral Sciences & the Law 607.

Michael S King and Rob Guthrie, &#8216[;]Therapeutic Jurisprudence, Human Rights and the Northern Territory Emergency Response’ (2008) 89 Precedent 39.

Marjorie A Silver, &#8216[;]Emotional Competence, Multicultural Lawyering and Race’ (2002) 3 Florida Coastal Law Review 219.

Caroline M A Nicholson, &#8216[;]The Impact of Child Labor Legislation on Child‑Headed Households in South Africa’ (2008) 30 Thomas Jefferson Law Review 407.

Muhammad Ahmad Munir, ‘Therapeutic Jurisprudence in Pakistan: Juvenile Delinquency & the Role of the Defense Lawyer’ in Greg Reinhardt and Andrew Cannon (eds), Transforming Legal Processes in Court and Beyond (2007) 85[.]

See Susan L Brooks[, ]‘Therapeutic and Preventive Approaches to School Safety: Applications of a Family Systems Model’ (2000) 34 New England Law Review 615.

See Diana Bryant and John Faulks[, ]‘The “Helping Court” Comes Full Circle: The Application and Use of Therapeutic Jurisprudence in the Family Court of Australia’ (2007) 17 Journal of Judicial Administration 93.

See David B Wexler (ed)[, ]Rehabilitating Lawyers: Principles of Therapeutic Jurisprudence for Criminal Law Practice (2008).

See Bruce J Winick[, ]‘Therapeutic Jurisprudence and the Role of Counsel in Litigation’ in Dennis P Stolle, David B Wexler and Bruce J Winick (eds), Practicing Therapeutic Jurisprudence: Law as a Helping Profession (2000) 309.

See Nicholas James Murfett[, ]‘The Case for a Paradigm Shift in Civil and Commercial Dispute Resolution — Moving from Fear to Love: A Solicitor’s Perspective’ (Paper presented at the 3rd International Conference on Therapeutic Jurisprudence, Perth, 7–9 June 2006) <http://www.aija.org.au/TherapJurisp06/Papers/Murfett5B.pdf> .

See David B Wexler[, ]‘Therapeutic Jurisprudence: Issues, Analysis, and Applications — Introduction: Therapeutic Jurisprudence in the Appellate Arena’ (2000) 24 Seattle University Law Review 217. See also Michael S King, ‘Therapeutic Jurisprudence, Leadership and the Role of Appeal Courts’ (2008) 30 Australian Bar Review 201.

See Michael King and Robert Guthrie[, ]‘Using Alternative Therapeutic Intervention Strategies to Reduce the Costs and Anti‑Therapeutic Effects of Work Stress and Litigation’ (2007) 17 Journal of Judicial Administration 30.

See Ian Freckelton[, ]‘Disciplinary Investigations and Hearings: A Therapeutic Jurisprudence Perspective’ in Greg Reinhardt and Andrew Cannon (eds), Transforming Legal Processes in Court and Beyond (2007) 139.

See Peggy Fulton Hora, William G Schma and John T A Rosenthal, ‘Therapeutic Jurisprudence and the Drug Treatment Court Movement: Revolutionizing the Criminal Justice System’s Response to Drug Abuse and Crime in America’ (1999) 74 Notre Dame Law Review 439; Michael S King, ‘Problem‑Solving Court Judging, Therapeutic Jurisprudence and Transformational Leadership’ (2008) 17 Journal of Judicial Administration 155; Michael S King, ‘Therapeutic Jurisprudence and Criminal Law Practice: A Judicial Perspective’ (2007) 31 Criminal Law Journal 12[.]

Wexler, Therapeutic Jurisprudence, above n 4[.], 4.

David B Wexler and Bruce J Winick, ‘Introduction’ in David B Wexler and Bruce J Winick (eds), Law in a Therapeutic Key: Developments in Therapeutic Jurisprudence (1996) i, xvii[.]

Judge David Fletcher, ‘Judging in a Therapeutic Key’ (Panel presentation delivered at the 3rd International Conference on Therapeutic Jurisprudence, Perth, 7–9 June, 2006)[.]

King and Guthrie[, ]‘Therapeutic Jurisprudence, Human Rights and the Northern Territory Emergency Response’, above n 126.

See Michael S King[, ]‘Therapeutic Jurisprudence, Child Complainants and the Concept of a Fair Trial’ (2008) 32 Criminal Law Journal 303, 307−11.

See[, ]eg, Wexler, Rehabilitating Lawyers, above n 132, 20; David B Wexler, ‘Robes and Rehabilitation: How Judges Can Help Offenders “Make Good”’ (2001) 38 Court Review 18; Bruce J Winick, ‘Therapeutic Jurisprudence and Problem Solving Courts’ (2003) 30 Fordham Urban Law Journal 1055; King, ‘Problem‑Solving Court Judging, Therapeutic Jurisprudence and Transformational Leadership’, above n 138; Deen Potter, ‘Lawyer, Social Worker, Psychologist and More: The Role of the Defence Lawyer in Therapeutic Jurisprudence’ (2006) (Special Series) E Law Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law 95 <https://elaw.murdoch.edu.au/issues/special/lawyer.pdf>.

Jessica Cousineau, ‘Practical Consi[d]erations in Choosing a Representative’ (July 2006) 2(4) GP|Solo Law Trends and News: Practice Area Newsletter <http://www.abanet.org/genpractice/

newsletter/lawtrends/0607/lawtrends0607.pdf>.

See, eg, Michael King, ‘What Can Mainstream Courts Learn from Problem‑Solving Courts?’ (2007) 32 Alternative Law Journal 91[.]

See, eg, ibid; King, ‘Therapeutic Jurisprudence, Child Complainants and the Concept of a Fair Trial’, above n 143; Silver, ‘Emotional Competence, Multicultural Lawyering and Race’, above n [.].

See generally Tom R Tyler, ‘The Psychological Consequences of Judicial Procedures: Implications for Civil Commitment Hearings’ in David B Wexler and Bruce J Winick (eds), Law in a Therapeutic Key: Developments in Therapeutic Jurisprudence (1996) 3; Tom R Tyler, Why People Obey the Law (2nd ed, 2006); Tom R Tyler and Yuen J Huo, Trust in the Law: Encouraging Public Cooperation with the Police and Courts (2002)[.]

Raymond Paternoster et al, ‘Do Fair Procedures Matter? The Effect of Procedural Justice on Spouse Assault’ (1997) 31 Law & Society Review 163[.]

Tyler[, ]‘The Psychological Consequences of Judicial Procedures’, above n 148.

Bruce J Winick, ‘On Autonomy: Legal and Psychological Perspectives’ (1992) 37 Villanova Law Review 1705, 1715–21; King, ‘What Can Mainstream Courts Learn from Problem‑Solving Courts?’, above n 146[.], 92.

Winick, ‘On Autonomy’, above n 151, 1770&#[.]1.

John Stuart Mill, On Liberty (1863) 113[.]

See Winick, ‘On Autonomy’, above n 151; King, ‘What Can Mainstream Courts Learn from Problem‑Solving Courts?’, above n 146, 92; King, ‘Natural Law and the Bhagavad‑Gita’, above n [.].

See Christopher Slobogin, ‘Therapeutic Jurisprudence: Five Dilemmas to Ponder’ (1995) 1 Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 193, 196−204[.]

Ibid 196[.]

Wexler and Winick, ‘Introduction’, above n 140[.] xvii.

See Harry Blagg[, ]Law Reform Commission of Western Australia, Problem‑Oriented Courts: A Research Paper Prepared for the Law Reform Commission of Western Australia, Project No 96 (2008) 28.

It does, however, concede that the ideal of avoiding coercion in a system that is supported by the use of force is problematic[.]

Michael S King and Becky Batagol, ‘Enforcer, Manager or Leader? The Judicial Role in Family Violence Courts’ (Paper presented at the Just Partners: Family Violence, Specialist Courts and the Idea of Integration Conference, Canberra, 22–23 May 2008)[.]

Blagg, above n 158[.], 16.

See, eg, Julie Stewart, ‘Specialist Domestic/Family Violence Courts within the Australian Context’ (Issues Paper 5, Australian Domestic & Family Violence Clearinghouse, 2005) 5, 35 <http://www [.] austdvclearinghouse.unsw.edu.au/documents/Issuespaper_10.pdf> Robyn Holder, ‘The Emperor’s New Clothes: Court and Justice Initiatives to Address Family Violence’ (2006) 16 Journal of Judicial Administration 30, 37−40; Andrew Cannon, ‘Therapeutic Jurisprudence in the Magistrates Court: Some Issues of Practice and Principle’ in Greg Reinhardt and Andrew Cannon (eds), Transforming Legal Processes in Court and Beyond (2007) 129, 135.

Marchetti and Daly, ‘Indigenous Sentencing Courts’, above n 64[.], 438.

See generally King and Batagol, above n 1[.].

Leonore M J Simon, ‘A Therapeutic Jurisprudence Approach to the Legal Processing of Domestic Violence Cases’ (1995) 1 Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 43; Bruce J Winick, ‘Applying the Law Therapeutically in Domestic Violence Cases’ (2000) 69 University of Missouri at Kansas City Law Review 33; Edna Erez and Carolyn Copps Hartley, ‘Battered Immigrant Women and the Legal System: A Therapeutic Jurisprudence Perspective’ (2003) 4 Western Criminology Review 155; King, ‘Therapeutic Jurisprudence, Child Complainants and the Concept of a Fair Trial’, above n 143; Nicola Michele Henry, Disclosure, Sexual Violence and International Jurisprudence: A Therapeutic Approach (PhD Thesis, The University of Melbourne,[.]2005).

Ian Freckelton, ‘Therapeutic Jurisprudence Misunderstood and Misrepresented: The Price and Risks of Influence’ (2008) 30 Thomas Jefferson Law Review 575[.]

Dennis Roderick and Susan T Krumholz, ‘Much Ado about Nothing? A Critical Examination of Therapeutic Jurisprudence’ (2006) 1 Southern New England Roundtable Symposium Law Journal 201[.]

Blagg, above n 158[.], 25.

See above nn 2430 and accom[.]anying text.

King, ‘Therapeutic Jurisprudence, Child Complainants and the Concept of a Fair Trial’, above n 143, 306&#[.]9.

Ibid 309[.]

Ibid 310−11[.]

Ibid 304−5[. The] degree to which they apply therapeutic jurisprudence will vary from court to court.

Micha[e]l S King and Steve Ford, ‘Exploring the Concept of Wellbeing in Therapeutic Jurisprudence: The Example of the Geraldton Alternative Sentencing Regime’ (2006) (Special Series) E Law Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law 9 <

https://elaw.murdoch.edu.au/v1/ issues/special/exploring.pdf>.

There are well‑designed studies finding positive outcomes such as decreased recidivism and improved wellbeing from participation in a drug court program[. However, ]there are several potentially therapeutic elements in drug courts of which judicial case management is just one. It is yet to be established which factors are the most important or whether there is a synergistic effect from the operation of several factors.

Michael Rempel, Melissa Labriola and Robert C Davis, ‘Does Judicial Monitoring Deter Domestic Violence Recidivism? Results of a Quasi‑Experimental Comparison in the Bronx’ (2008) 14 Violence Against Women 185[.]

Ibid 195–6[.]

See Carrie J Petrucci, ‘Respect as a Component in the Judge‑Defendant Interaction in a Specialized Domestic Violence Court That Utilizes Therapeutic Jurisprudence’ (2002) 38 Criminal Law Bulletin 263[.]

Scott R Senjo and Leslie A Leip, ‘Testing and Developing Theory in Drug Court: A Four‑Part Logit Model to Predict Program Completion’ (2001) 12 Criminal Justice Policy Review 66; Scott Senjo and Leslie A Leip, ‘Testing Therapeutic Jurisprudence Theory: An Empirical Assessment of the Drug Court Process’ (2001) 3(1) Western Criminology Review <http://wcr[.]

sonoma.edu/v3n1/senjo.html>.

John S Goldkamp, Michael D White and Jennifer B Robinson, ‘An Honest Chance: Perspectives on Drug Courts — Findings from Drug Court Participant Focus Groups in Brooklyn, Las Vegas, Miami, Portland, San Bernardino, and Seattle April 2002’ (2002) 14 Federal Sentencing Reporter 369, 371[.]

Winick, ‘Therapeutic Jurisprudence and Problem Solving Courts’, above n 144[.] 1069.

King, ‘Problem‑Solving Court Judging, Therapeutic Jurisprudence and Transformational Leadership’, above n 138[.], 162.

See Nathalie Des Rosiers, ‘From Telling to Listening: A Therapeutic Analysis of the Role of Courts in Minority–Majority Conflicts’ (2000) 31 Court Review 54[.]

King, ‘Therapeutic Jurisprudence, Leadership and the Role of Appeal Courts’, above n 135, 208&#[.]9.

See, eg, Sentencing Act 1995 (WA) ss 2730[.]

See Michael S King, ‘Non‑Adversarial Justice and the Coroner’s Court: A Proposed Therapeutic, Restorative, Problem‑Solving Model’ (2008) 16 Journal of Law and Medicine 442; King, ‘Towards a More Comprehensive Resolution of Conflict’, above n 3[.], 10.

See generally Wexler, Rehabilitating Lawyers, above n 1[.].

See generally Dennis P Stolle, David B Wexler and Bruce J Winick (eds), Practicing Therapeutic Jurisprudence: Law as a Helping Profession (2000)[.]

See generally Marjorie A Silver (ed), The Affective Assistance of Counsel: Practicing Law as a Healing Profession (2007)[.]

Bruce J Winick, ‘Overcoming Psychological Barriers to Settlement: Challenges for the TJ Lawyer’ in Marjorie A Silver (ed), The Affective Assistance of Counsel: Practicing Law as a Healing Profession (2007) 341[.]

Potter, above n 144[.], 97.

Wexler, Rehabilitating Lawyers, above n 1[.].

Winick, ‘Overcoming Psychological Barriers to Settlement’, above n 1[.].

Ibid 346[.]

See, eg, O’Connell, Wachtel and Wachtel, above n 60; Brenda Morrison, Restoring Safe School Communities: A Whole School Response to Bullying, Violence and Alienation [.]2007).

Bruce J Winick, ‘Redefining the Role of the Criminal Defense Lawyer at Plea Bargaining and Sentencing: A Therapeutic Jurisprudence/Preventive Law Model’ in Dennis P Stolle, David B Wexler and Bruce J Winick (eds), Practicing Therapeutic Jurisprudence: Law as a Helping Profession (2000) 245, 286–7[.]

The applicatio[n] of therapeutic jurisprudence and emotional intelligence to legal education is only considered here briefly. For a more detailed discussion, see Marjorie A Silver, ‘Emotional Intelligence and Legal Education’ (1999) 5 Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 1173. See also ‘Symposium: Therapeutic Jurisprudence in Clinical Legal Education and Legal Skills Training’ (2005) 17(3) St Thomas Law Review 403.

For a critique of the case method of teaching, see Janeen Kerper, ‘Creative Problem Solving vs the Case Method: A Marvellous Adventure in Which Winnie‑the‑Pooh Meets Mrs Palsgraf’ (1998) 34 California Western Law Review 351[.]

Ibid[.]

See generally Winick, ‘Therapeutic Jurisprudence and Problem Solving Courts’, above n 144; Silver, The Affective Assistance of Counsel, above n [.].

Marjorie A Silver, ‘Emotional Competence and the Lawyer’s Journey’ in Marjorie A Silver (ed), The Affective Assistance of Counsel: Practicing Law as a Healing Profession (2007) 5, 9[.]

Christopher Roper, National Judicial College of Australia, Report: A Curriculum for Professional Development for Australian Judicial Officers (2007) 26 <http://njca[.]anu.edu.au/Projects/

Curriculum/Curriculum.htm>.

Michael S King, ‘Therapeutic Jurisprudence in Australia: New Directions in Courts, Legal Practice, Research and Legal Education’ (2006) 15 Journal of Judicial Administration 129, 138; Silver, ‘Emotional Intelligence and Legal Education’, above n 1[.].

John Braithwaite, ‘Restorative Justice and Therapeutic Jurisprudence’ (2002) 38 Criminal Law Bulletin 244[.]

See above Part IV(A)[.]