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Dirhamsyah --- "Maritime Law Enforcement and Compliance in Indonesia: Problems and Recommendations" [2005] MarStudies 24; (2005) 144 Maritime Studies 1

[1] The author is attached to the Research Centre for Oceanography, Indonesian Institute of Science, Jalan Pasir Putih I, Ancol Timur, Jakarta Utara, Indonesia and, between 2002 and 2005, was a PhD Candidate of the University of Wollongong, Australia. E-mail: d98@uow.edu.au and dirham_dirhamsyah@yahoo.com. He would like to extend his grateful thanks to his colleague Mr Peter Flewwelling and his supervisors Professor Martin Tsamenyi and Dr Sam Bateman who provided invaluable assistance.

[2] Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (MOMAF) (2003). MOMAF website: http://www.dkp.go.id (accessed on 26 November 2004).

[3] MOMAF (2002) Rencana Strategis Pembangunan Kelautan Dan Perikanan Tahun 2001–2004 (Strategic Development Plan of Marine and Fisheries Sectors 2001-2004). Ministerial Decree No. Kep. 18/Men/2002.

[4] ibid.

[5] There are about sixteen laws and hundreds of regulations that regulate coastal/coral reef management in Indonesia. For a detailed discussion see Dirhamsyah, ‘Indonesian Legislative Framework for Coastal and Coral Reef Resources Management: A Critical Review and Recommendations,’ Ocean and Coastal Management (forthcoming).

[6] There are four types of marine protected areas in Indonesia: national marine parks, marine recreation parks, marine nature reserves, and marine and wetland life sanctuaries.

[7] Article 31 of Act No 31 of 2004 concerning Fisheries and Article 77 of Act No 41 of 1999 concerning Forestry provide rights to civil investigation officers from both MOMAF and MOF to investigate illegal practices in their sectors.

[8] This was set up by the Cooperation Decree (Surat Keputusan Bersama/SKB) of the Minister of Defence, the Minister of Communication, the Minister of Judicial Affairs, and the General Attorney in 1972. At that time, the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries had not yet been established by the Indonesian Government.

[9] Several maritime reconnaissance aircraft of the AURI are used including: 3 units for B737-200 2X9, 2 units for C-130H-MP, 4 units for Hu-16, and N-22-24 Nomad Searchmaster-B. Source: Based on information from: International Institute of Strategic Studies (IISS), The Military Balance, 1991-1992, Oxford University Press for the IISS, London, 1991, pp. 164-165; Majalah Angkasa (8 May 2003) Menyingkap Tabir B737 Surveiller (Discovered Screen of B737 observer). Majalah Angkasa websites: http://www.angkasaonline. com (accessed on 24 November 2004).

[10] ibid.

[11] These vessels are docked in seven Indonesian regional waters: Jakarta, North Sulawesi, West Sumatra, Papua, East Nusa Tenggara, West Kalimantan, and Banda Sea.

[12] B Fegan, Plundering the Sea. Inside Indonesia, Jan-March 2003, http://www.insideindonesia.org. (accessed on 27 September 2004).

[13] INKOPAL is the Navy’s Cooperative Enterprise.

[14] The World Bank (2000) as cited by M Torell, & AM Salamanca, ‘Navigating the Institutional Landscape: Introduction and Overview’, in M Torell & AM Salamanca, (eds), Institutional Issues and Perspectives in the Management of Fisheries and Coastal Resources in South East Asia, SIDA & ICLARM, p. 8, 2001.

[15] ibid.

[16] ibid

[17] ibid.

[18]Indonesia Butuh Ratusan Kapal Patroli Laut’ (Indonesia need hundreds of boat patrols), Kompas Daily News, 11 September 2003, http://www.kompas. com.

[19] ibid.

[20] HT Andin as cited by Kompas Daily News, ‘Indonesia Butuh Ratusan Kapal Patroli Laut’ Mr Andin is the Secretary General of the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, 2003.

[21] H Djalal, ‘Piracy in South East Asia: Indonesia and Regional Responses’, paper prepared for Strategic and International Studies – American – Pacific Sealanes Security Institute Conference on Maritime Security in Asia, January 18-20, 2004, Honolulu, Hawaii, pp. 2-3.

[22] These include: Takabonerate Islands, Padaido Islands and Raja Ampat Islands, and Wakatobi. Source: COREMAP, 2004.

[23] JS Pet, & RH Djohani, ‘Combating destructive fishing practices in Komodo National Park: Ban the hookah compressor’, The Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC), SPC Live Reef Fish Bulletin, 4, pp. 17-28, 1998.

[24] This fact is based on the author’s experience when involved in COREMAP Phase I in 1998-2002.

[25] J Patlis, M Knight, & W Siahaan, ‘Creating A Framework for Integrated Coastal Management in Indonesia: The Importance of Law’, in DG Bengen, IW Arthana, IM Dutton, A Tahir, & Burhanuddin (eds) Prosiding Konperensi Nasional III 2002: Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Pesisir dan Lautan Indonesia (Proceedings of National Conference III of 2002: Management of Indonesian Coastal and Ocean Resources), Bali, Indonesia, pp. v-13, 2002.

[26] Article 73 of I.

[27] Article 84 of I.

[28] Article 500 of I.

[29]Pemerintah Siapkan Keppres Badan Koordinasi Keamanan Laut’ (Government prepared Presidential Decree for the National Coordinating Body for Ocean Safety), Tempo Interaktif Online, 27 January 2004, http://www.tempointeractive.com. Hon. Yudoyono became the President of Indonesia in 2004.

[30]PEMKAB Kepulauan Seribu Akan Tuntut Perusahaan Minyak’ (Regional Government of Kepulauan Seribu will prosecute Oil Company), Kompas Daily News, 8 October 2004, http://www.kompas.com.

[31] See A Nontji, ‘Coral Reefs of Indonesia: Past, present and future’, Proceedings of International Coral Reef Symposium, Bali, 23-27, 2000 vol. 1, pp. 17-27, 2000.

[32]Banyak Penegak Hukum Tak Mengerti Lingkungan’ (Many law enforcement officers do not understand about Environments). Gatra Magazine Online, 9 July 2002, http://www.gatra.com.

[33] E Hafild, as cited by Kompas Daily News, 25 February 2000, ‘Banyak Kasus LH Kandas di Pengadilan’ (Many environmental cases stop in court), http://www.kompas.com. Ms Hafild is Executive Director of Wahana Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia (WALHI), a well-known NGO in Indonesia.

[34] The Hon. Nabiel Makarim, the former Minister of State Ministry of Living Environment, as cited by Gatra Magazine Online, ‘Banyak Penegak Hukum Tak Mengerti Lingkungan’, 2002.

[35] Article 10 of Act No 4 of 2004 concerning Judicial Power.

[36]WALHI dan TNI AL Sesalkan Putusan PN Tanjung Pinang’ (WALHI and the Indonesian Navy regret the court decision of District Court of Tanjung Pinang), Kompas Daily News, 10 October 2002, http://www.kompas.com.

[37] JG Sutinen, J Yahaya, & V Hinrunruk, ‘Fisheries Law Enforcement Programs, Practices, and Problems in Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand’, in JB Marsh, (ed.), Resources and Environment in Asia’s Marine Sector, New York, Taylor & Francis Inc., p. 148, 1992.

[38] P Flewwelling, C Cullinan, D Balton, RP Sautter, & JE Reynold, ‘Recent trends in monitoring, control, and surveillance systems for capture fisheries’, FAO Fisheries Technical Paper, no. 415, Rome, FAO., p. 40, 2002.

[39] ibid.

[40] As one package with community-based reef management, the community-based enforcement has been implemented in some areas of Indonesia, e.g.:

- Blongko, Bentenan, and Talise of Minahasa District of North Sulawesi Province (initiated by The Indonesia Coastal Resources Management Project);

- Medang, Temiang, Mamut, Senayang (Penaah), Pasir Panjang, Limbung and Sekanah of Riau Archipelago District of Riau Province (Initiated by Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management Program/ COREMAP);

- Tarupa, Tinabo, Jinato, Pasitallu Tengah, Pasitallu Timur, Latondu, Rajuni Kecil, and Rajuni Besar of Selayar District of South Sulawesi Province (COREMAP);

- Mbromsi, Sasari, Samber Pasi, Meos Mangundi, Nusi, Pai, Owi and Auki of Biak Numfor District of Papua Province (COREMAP).

[41] However, it is fair to say that the success in reducing illegal fishing practice in that area is not only due to the implementation of community enforcement alone, it also involved the intervention and real commitment of several security officers, e.g. the district attorney, the navy and the police.

[42]Heboh Soal Kapal Patroli’ (Uproar about Patrol Vessel), Kompas Daily News, 6 September 2003, http://www.kompas.com.

[43] Ad hoc fisheries courts have been established in Medan (North Sumatra), Jakarta Utara (Jakarta), Pontianak (West Kalimantan), Bitung (North Sulawesi) and Tual (Southeast Maluku).

[44] Speech by the Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries in Temu Teknis Nasional Aparat Penegak Hukum (Workshop of National Law Enforcement Officers), MOMAF website: http://www.dkp.go.id (accessed on 7 October 2004).

[45] Article 24 of Act No. 9 of 1985.

[46] Article 84 of Act No. 31 of 2004.

[47] Sutinen and Viswanathan (1999), as cited by Torell and Salamanca, op. cit., p. 7.

[48] Flewwelling et al., op. cit., p. 4.

[49] Flewwelling, personal communication in October 2004.

[50]ibid.

[51] The proposed establishment of a national coastguard has been discussed for some years now, however, this proposal has not yet been approved. Studies and discussions are continuing to seek a proper and effective institutional mechanism to deal with matters of law and order at sea. For detailed discussion see Djalal, op. cit., 2004.

[52] S Bateman, ‘CoastGuards: New Forces for Regional Order and Security’, in Asia Pacific Issues no. 65, January 2003. East-West Center, Honolulu, pp. 2-3.

[53] ibid., p. 3.

[54] ibid.

[55] See Table 1.

[56] M O'Connor, 'Future Organisational Directions for Maritime Border Protection: The case for an Australian Coastguard', in M Tsamenyi & C Rahman (eds), Protecting Australia's Maritime Borders: The MV Tampa and Beyond, Wollongong Papers on Maritime Policy, no. 13, 2002.

[57] The central government through MOMAF has promoted the concept of community-based enforcement in some areas of Indonesia. Guidelines for community-based monitoring and enforcement of marine and fisheries resources (Pedoman Sistem Pengawasan Sumberdaya Kelautan dan Perikanan Berbasis Masyarakat / SISWASMAS) have been issued by the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries to implement these programs (issued by MOMAF Decree No. KEP.58/MEN/2001). However, due to the lack of preparation and centralised nature of this system, it has not been successful to date.

[58] For detailed discussion see Dirhamsyah ‘The Indonesian Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management Program: Lessons Learned in Community-based Reef Management at Senayang and Lingga Islands, Riau’, Proceedings of CZAP 2004, Brisbane 5-9-2004; BR Crawford, IM Dutton, C Rotinsulu, & IZ Hale, ‘Community-based Coastal Resources Management in Indonesia: Examples and Initial Lessons from North Sulawesi’. in ITMEMS Proceedings, pp. 299-309, 1998.

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