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Head, Michael --- "Counter-Terrorism' Laws: A Threat To Political Freedom, Civil Liberties And Constitutional Rights" [2002] MelbULawRw 34; (2002) 26(3) Melbourne University Law Review 666

[*] BJuris, LLB (Hons) (Monash), LLM (Columbia); Senior Lecturer in Law, University of Western Sydney. Some material in this article was first published in reports by the author on the World Socialist Web Site <http://www.wsws.org> .

[1] See Michael Head, ‘The Military Call-Out Legislation — Some Legal and Constitutional Questions’ (2001) 29 Federal Law Review 273; Defence Act 1903 (Cth); Defence Legislation Amendment (Aid to Civilian Authorities) Act 2000 (Cth). See also Australian Constitution s 119.

[2] See generally Victorian Council for Civil Liberties Inc v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs [2001] FCA 1297; (2001) 182 ALR 617 (‘Tampa’).

[3] See Michael Head, ‘Whither the Refugee Convention — A New Perspective for the 21st Century’ (2002) 21 Mots Pluriels <http://www.arts.uwa.edu.au/MotsPluriels/MP2102mh.html> at 2 October 2002.

[4] The raft of ‘counter-terrorism’ bills passed consisted of: the Security Legislation Amendment (Terrorism) Bill (2002) (Cth); Criminal Code Amendment (Suppression of Terrorist Bombings) Bill (2002) (Cth); Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism Bill (2002) (Cth); Border Security Legislation Amendment Bill 2002 (Cth); Telecommunications Interception Legislation Amendment Bill (2002) (Cth).

[5] See, eg, submissions to Senate Legal and Constitutional Legislation Committee, Parliament of Australia, Canberra, Inquiry into the Security Legislation Amendment (Terrorism) Bill 2002 and Related Bills (2002) vols 1–6.

[6] See, eg, Criminal Code (Cth) divs 80.1, 100.1.

[7] See, eg, Criminal Code (Cth) div 102.7; Charter of United Nations Act 1945 (Cth) s 15(5), amended by Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism Act 2002 (Cth) sch 3.

[8] See, eg, Criminal Code (Cth) div 102.7.

[9] Daryl Williams (Attorney-General), ‘Australia Stronger in War on Terror’ (Press Release, 27 June 2002) <http://www.law.gov.au/aghome/agnews/2002newsag/67_02.htm> at 2 Octo-

ber 2002.

[10] Ibid.

[11] See, eg, Joint Committee on ASIO, ASIS and DSD, Parliament of Australia, An Advisory Report on the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation Legislation Amendment (Terrorism) Bill 2002 (2002).

[12] ASIO Bill 2002 (Cth) sch 1, item 24, inserting ss 34F(1), 34F(8) into the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation Act 1979 (Cth) (‘ASIO Act’).

[13] Daryl Williams (Attorney-General), ‘Sir Humphrey Would Be Proud’ (Press Release, 27 August 2002) <http://www.law.gov.au/aghome/agnews/2002newsag/92_02.htm> at 2 October 2002. The government reintroduced the ASIO Bill 2002 (Cth) in the Senate on 15 October 2002, just three days after the apparent terrorist atrocity in Bali. Labor and other opposition parties referred the ASIO Bill 2002 (Cth) to the Senate Legal and Constitutional References Committee on 21 October 2002.

[14] See submission to Senate Legal and Constitutional Legislation Committee, Parliament of Australia, Canberra, Inquiry into the Security Legislation Amendment (Terrorism) Bill 2002 and Related Bills (2002) vol 1, 157–65 (Cameron Murphy, New South Wales Council for Civil Liberties Inc); submission to Senate Legal Constitutional Legislation Committee, Parliament of Australia, Canberra, Inquiry into the Security Legislation Amendment (Terrorism) Bill 2002 and Related Bills (2002) vol 2, 252–62 (Anne O’Rourke, Liberty Victoria — Victorian Council for Civil Liberties); evidence to Senate Legal and Constitutional Legislation Committee, Parliament of Australia, Melbourne, Inquiry into the Security Legislation Amendment (Terrorism) Bill 2002 and Related Bills, Official Committee Hansard, 17 April 2002, 117 (Anne O’Rourke, Assistant Secretary, Liberty Victoria; Julian Burnside, Committee Member, Liberty Victoria); evidence to Senate Legal and Constitutional Legislation Committee, Parliament of Australia, Melbourne, Inquiry into the Security Legislation Amendment (Terrorism) Bill 2002 and Related Bills, Official Committee Hansard, 18 April 2002, 137 (Anthony Abbott, President, Law Council of Australia).

[15] Daryl Williams (Attorney-General), ‘Australia’s National Security’ (Press Release, 18 September 2001) <http://www.ag.gov.au/aghome/agnews/2001newsag/1047_01.htm> at 19 September 2002; Daryl Williams (Attorney-General), ‘Australia Well Prepared’ (Press Release, 2 November 2001) <http://www.ag.gov.au/aghome/agnews/2001newsag/preparedaust.htm> at 9 September 2002; Daryl Williams (Attorney-General), ‘Upgrading Australia’s Counter-Terrorism Capabilities — Amended’ (Press Release, 18 December 2001) <http://www.ag.gov.au/aghome/agnews/2001newsag/1080a_01.htm> at 19 September 2002; Daryl Williams (Attorney-General), ‘Indian Authorities’ (Press Release, 7 February 2002) <http://www.ag.gov.au/aghome/agnews/2002newsag/06_02.htm> at 19 September 2002.

[16] Nathan Hancock, ‘Terrorism and the Law in Australia: Legislation, Commentary and Constraints’ (Research Paper No 12, Department of the Parliamentary Library, Parliament of Australia, 2001–02) 16.

[17] [1951] HCA 5; (1951) 83 CLR 1 (‘Communist Party Case’).

[18] Justice Michael Kirby, ‘Australian Law — After 11 September 2001’ (2001) 21 Australian Bar Review 253, 263.

[19] For a comparison of the US and British legislation, see Hancock, above n 16, 2–8.

[20] Opened for signature 19 December 1966, 999 UNTS 171 (entered into force 23 March 1976).

[21] Amnesty International, Amnesty International’s Concerns Regarding post September 11 Detentions in the USA: An Amnesty International Report (2002) Amnesty International USA <http://www.amnestyusa.org/usacrisis/> at 3 October 2002.

[22] Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Opposition Welcomes Changes to Proposed Anti-Terrorism Laws (2002) ABC News Online <http://www.abc.net.au/news/politics/2002/03/

item20020312235919_1.htm> at 3 October 2002.

[23] Commonwealth, Parliamentary Debates, House of Representatives, 13 March 2002, 1141 (Peter Slipper, Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Finance and Administration).

[24] For a history of alleged terrorist acts in Australia, see Jenny Hocking, Beyond Terrorism: The Development of the Australian Security State (1993) chs 5–7. At the time of writing, no evidence had been produced linking the bombing atrocity in Bali, on 12 October 2002, to terrorist organisations.

[25] ASIO and police special branch agents, notably Richard Seary, infiltrated the Ananda Marga religious sect and ‘framed up’ three of its members. The convictions were finally overturned seven years later and the three were pardoned in May 1985. One of the accused, Tim Anderson, was rearrested in 1989 and charged with murder, but was acquitted on appeal in 1990. In the meantime, the Fraser government exploited the Hilton affair to dramatically increase the surveillance powers of ASIO and other security agencies. See generally, ibid chs 5–7; Tom Molomby, Spies, Bombs and the Path of Bliss (1986) 14–31; George Petersen, ‘Framing Ananda Marga’ (1985) 72 Arena 25.

[26] Evidence to Senate Legal and Constitutional Legislation Committee, Parliament of Australia, Canberra, Inquiry into the Security Legislation Amendment (Terrorism) Bill 2002 and Related Bills, Official Committee Hansard, 19 April 2002, 237 (Dennis Richardson, Director-General, ASIO).

[27] Commonwealth, Protective Security Review Report, Parl Paper No 397 (1979) 13.

[28] Ibid 291.

[29] Ibid.

[30] See Katherine Lindsay, The Australian Constitution in Context (1999) 72–6. For the political and social context of the Communist Party Case, see George Winterton, ‘The Significance of the Communist Party Case[1992] MelbULawRw 6; (1992) 18 Melbourne University Law Review 630.

[31] Communist Party Dissolution Act 1950 (Cth) preamble.

[32] Communist Party Case [1951] HCA 5; (1951) 83 CLR 1.

[33] Ibid 187.

[34] Winterton, above n 30, 653.

[35] Criminal Code (Cth) div 100.1.

[36] Div 100.1(2)(b).

[37] Div 100.1(2)(d).

[38] Div 100.1(2)(e).

[39] Divs 101.2, 101.4, 101.5, 101.6.

[40] Divs 101.2, 101.4, 101.5, 101.6.

[41] Div 80.1(1).

[42] Div 80.1(1A).

[43] See, eg, div 102.7.

[44] Pt 5.2.

[45] Div 91.1.

[46] Div 90.1.

[47] Div 93.2.

[48] Div 93.2.

[49] Evidence to Senate Legal and Constitutional Legislation Committee, Parliament of Australia, Sydney, Inquiry into the Security Legislation Amendment (Terrorism) Bill 2002 and Related Bills, Official Committee Hansard, 8 April 2002, 27 (Susan McIntosh, Principal Legal Officer, Security Law and Justice Branch, Information and Security Law Division, Attorney-General’s Department).

[50] Evidence to Senate Legal and Constitutional Legislation Committee, Parliament of Australia, Sydney, Inquiry into the Security Legislation Amendment (Terrorism) Bill 2002 and Related Bills, Official Committee Hansard, 8 April 2002, 17–24 (Karl Alderson, Principal Legal Officer, Criminal Justice Division, Attorney-General’s Department; Peter Ford, First Assistant Secretary, Information and Security Law Division, Attorney-General’s Department; Susan McIntosh, Principal Legal Officer, Security Law and Justice Branch, Information and Security Law Division, Attorney-General’s Department).

[51] Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001, Pub L No 107-56, 115 Stat 272 (2001) (the acronym being ‘USA Patriot Act’).

[52] See Criminal Code (Cth) div 100.1(2)(e). For a comparison of the US and British legislation, see Hancock, above n 16.

[53] Criminal Code (Cth) div 80.1 (2).

[54] Evidence to Senate Legal and Constitutional Legislation Committee, Parliament of Australia, Sydney, Inquiry into the Security Legislation Amendment (Terrorism) Bill 2002 and Related Bills, Official Committee Hansard, 8 April 2002, 16 (Karl Alderson, Principal Legal Officer, Criminal Justice Division, Attorney-General’s Department).

[55] ASIO Act 1979 (Cth) s 92.

[56] See Michael Head, ‘Leaked Spy Intercepts Prove Australian Complicity in Timor Massacre’ (2002) World Socialist Web Site <http://www.wsws.org/articles/2002/mar2002/

timo-m25.shtml> at 2 October 2002. See also, Hamish MacDonald, ‘Silence over a Crime against Humanity’, Sydney Morning Herald (Sydney), 14 March 2002, 10.

[57] Terrorism Bill 2002 (Cth) s 4, inserting div 102.2 into the Criminal Code (Cth). The Bill was not enacted in this form.

[58] See Church of Scientology v Woodward [1982] HCA 78; (1982) 154 CLR 25, 59–60 (Mason J); Hoong Lee, Peter Hanks and Vincenzo Morabito, In the Name of National Security: The Legal Dimensions (1995) 208–20.

[59] See, eg, submissions to Senate Legal and Constitutional Legislation Committee, Parliament of Australia, Canberra, Inquiry into the Security Legislation Amendment (Terrorism) Bill 2002 and Related Bills (2002) vols 1–6.

[60] Criminal Code (Cth) div 102.1(3)(a).

[61] Div 102.1.

[62] Div 102.2(1).

[63] Div 102.7(1).

[64] Divs 102.2(2), 102.7(2).

[65] Div 102.3(1).

[66] Div 102.1(1).

[67] Div 102.7(2).

[68] Charter of United Nations Act 1945 (Cth) s 15(5).

[69] Section 15(1), (7).

[70] Sections 15(2), 18(1).

[71] Sections 20–1.

[72] Criminal Code (Cth) div 103.1.

[73] Charter of the United Nations (Anti-Terrorism Measures) Regulations 2001 (Cth) reg 7; Alexander Downer (Minister for Foreign Affairs) and Daryl Williams (Attorney-General), ‘Further Steps to Prevent the Financing of Terrorism’ (Press Release, 18 April 2002) <http://www.foreignminister.gov.au/releases/2002/fa057j_02.html> at 2 October 2002.

[74] Australian Security Intelligence Organisation, Report to Parliament 2001–2002 (2002) 17. See also Commonwealth, Parliamentary Debates, Senate, 24 June 2002, 2404 (Bob Brown).

[75] Crimes Act 1914 (Cth) s 30A, amended by Crimes Act 1926 (Cth).

[76] Hancock, above n 16, 7.

[77] Crimes Act 1914 (Cth) s 30AA.

[78] See Church of Scientology v Woodward [1982] HCA 78; (1982) 154 CLR 25.

[79] ASIO Bill 2002 (Cth) sch 1, item 24, inserting s 34F(1) into the ASIO Act 1979 (Cth).

[80] ASIO Bill 2002 (Cth) sch 1, item 24, inserting s 34F(8) into the ASIO Act 1979 (Cth).

[81] A detainee may only consult a lawyer if the lawyer is specified in the warrant authorising the detention: ASIO Bill 2002 (Cth) sch 1, item 24, inserting s 34D(4) into the ASIO Act 1979 (Cth).

[82] ASIO Bill 2002 (Cth) sch 1, item 24, inserting s 34L into the ASIO Act 1979 (Cth).

[83] ASIO Bill 2002 (Cth) sch 1, item 24, inserting s 34D(2)(b)(i) into the ASIO Act 1979 (Cth).

[84] The bill specifically authorises the issuing of repeated warrants: ASIO Bill 2002 (Cth) sch 1, item 24 inserting s 34F(7)(a) into the ASIO Act 1979 (Cth).

[85] ASIO Bill 2002 (Cth) sch 1, item 24, inserting s 34C(3)(a) into the ASIO Act 1979 (Cth).

[86] ASIO Bill 2002 (Cth) sch 1, item 24, inserting s 34G(3) into the ASIO Act 1979 (Cth).

[87] ASIO Bill 2002 (Cth) sch 1, item 24, inserting s 34L(7) into the ASIO Act 1979 (Cth).

[88] ASIO Bill 2002 (Cth) sch 1, item 24, inserting s 34K into the ASIO Act 1979 (Cth).

[89] ASIO Bill 2002 (Cth) sch 1, item 24, inserting s 34B into the ASIO Act 1979 (Cth).

[90] See Michael Chaaya, ‘The Right to Silence Reignited: Vulnerable Suspects, Police Questioning and Law and Order in New South Wales’ (1998) 22 Criminal Law Journal 82. On police ‘verballing’ and videotaping in general, see David Brown, David Farrier and David Weisbrot, Brown, Neal, Farrier and Weisbrot’s Criminal Laws: Materials and Commentary on Criminal Law and Process in New South Wales (2nd ed, 1996) 203–34.

[91] Federal magistrates are appointed for a term expiring upon attaining the age of 70 years: Federal Magistrates Act 1999 (Cth) sch 1, s 4. Administrative Appeals Tribunal members serve seven-year terms: Administrative Appeals Tribunal Act 1975 (Cth) s 8(3).

[92] ASIO Bill 2002 (Cth) sch 1, item 24, inserting s 34J(2) into the ASIO Act 1979 (Cth).

[93] ASIO Bill 2002 (Cth) sch 1, item 24, inserting s 34F(9) into the ASIO Act 1979 (Cth).

[94] Daryl Williams (Attorney-General), ‘ASIO Legislation Amendment Bill Introduced’ (Press Release, 21 March 2002) <http://www.ag.gov.au/aghome/agnews/2002newsag/32_02.htm> at 3 October 2002.

[95] Williams v The Queen [1986] HCA 88; (1986) 66 ALR 385.

[96] See generally Simon Bronitt and Maree Ayers, ‘Criminal Law and Human Rights’ in David Kinley (ed), Human Rights in Australian Law: Principles, Practice and Potential (1998) 120.

[97] Chu Kheng Lim v Minister for Immigration Local Government and Ethnic Affairs (1992) 176 CLR 1 (‘Chu Kheng Lim’).

[98] Telecommunications (Interception) Act 1979 (Cth) s 9(1).

[99] ASIO Act 1979 (Cth) s 26(3).

[100] Telecommunications (Interception) Act 1979 (Cth) s 9(1).

[101] ASIO Act 1979 (Cth) s 27(2).

[102] This falls within the ambit of a ‘telecommunications network’ in Telecommunications (Interception) Act 1979 (Cth) s 9(1).

[103] ASIO Act 1979 (Cth) s 25A(4).

[104] Section 26B(1).

[105] See Hocking, above n 24, 142–59. See also ASIO Act 1979 (Cth) s 29.

[106] See Hocking, above n 24, 165–72; Lee, Hanks and Morabito, above n 58, ch 3.

[107] Joint Committee on ASIO, ASIS and DSD, above n 11, vii.

[108] Daryl Williams (Attorney-General), ‘Amendments to ASIO Bill’ (Press Release, 25 June 2002) <http://www.ag.gov.au/aghome/agnews/2002newsag/65_02.htm> at 3 October 2002.

[109] Joint Committee on ASIO, ASIS and DSD, above n 11, 23.

[110] Ibid 36.

[111] Opened for signature 20 November 1989, 1577 UNTS 3 (entered into force 2 September 1990).

[112] Joint Committee on ASIO, ASIS and DSD, above n 11, 51.

[113] Ibid 38–9.

[114] ASIO Act 1979 (Cth) s 92(1).

[115] Joint Committee on ASIO, ASIS and DSD, above n 11, 44–5.

[116] Ibid 44.

[117] ASIO Bill 2002 (Cth) sch 1, item 24, inserting s 34G(6) into the ASIO Act 1979 (Cth).

[118] Attorney-General’s Department, Australian Security Intelligence Organisation Legislation Amendment (Terrorism) Bill 2002 (Cth): Proposed Government Amendments (2002) <http://www.law.gov.au/aghome/agnews/2002newsag/Att_govtamend.htm> at 3 October 2002.

[119] Cynthia Banham, ‘Labor Rejects ASIO Bill’s Powers of Detention’, Sydney Morning

Herald (Sydney) 28 August 2002, <

http://www.smh.com.au/text/articles/2002/08/27/1030053060221.htm> at 29 August 2002. At the time of the writing this article, the nature and length of the proposed committee inquiry into the Bill was not known.

[120] See, eg, submissions to Senate Legal and Constitutional Legislation Committee, Parliament of Australia, Canberra, Inquiry into the Security Legislation Amendment (Terrorism) Bill 2002 and Related Bills (2002) vols 1–6.

[121] Those parliamentary committees were the Senate Legal and Constitutional Legislation Committee and the Parliamentary Joint Committee on ASIO, ASIS and DSD.

[122] Submission to Senate Legal and Constitutional Legislation Committee, Parliament of Australia, Canberra, Inquiry into the Security Legislation Amendment (Terrorism) Bill 2002 and Related Bills (2002) vol 3, 714 (Law Council of Australia).

[123] Ibid 746.

[124] Evidence to Senate Legal and Constitutional Legislation Committee, Parliament of Australia, Melbourne, Inquiry into the Security Legislation Amendment (Terrorism) Bill 2002 and Related Bills, Official Committee Hansard, 17 April 2002, 107 (Victor Borg, Member of Executive Council, Ethnic Communities’ Council of Victoria).

[125] Evidence to Senate Legal and Constitutional Legislation Committee, Parliament of Australia, Melbourne, Inquiry into the Security Legislation Amendment (Terrorism) Bill 2002 and Related Bills, Official Committee Hansard, 17 April 2002, 106 (Bilal Cleland, Secretary, Islamic Council of Victoria).

[126] Evidence to Senate Legal and Constitutional Legislation Committee, Parliament of Australia, Melbourne, Inquiry into the Security Legislation Amendment (Terrorism) Bill 2002 and Related Bills, Official Committee Hansard, 17 April 2002, 119 (Julian Burnside, Committee Member, Liberty Victoria).

[127] Evidence to Senate Legal and Constitutional Legislation Committee, Parliament of Australia, Sydney, Inquiry into the Security Legislation Amendment (Terrorism) Bill 2002 and Related Bills, Official Committee Hansard, 8 April 2002, 47 (David Bernie, Vice President, New South Wales Council for Civil Liberties).

[128] Submission to Senate Legal and Constitutional Legislation Committee, Parliament of Australia, Canberra, Inquiry into the Security Legislation Amendment (Terrorism) Bill 2002 and Related Bills (2002) vol 1, 11 (Beverly Inshaw).

[129] Submission to Senate Legal and Constitutional Legislation Committee, Parliament of Australia, Canberra, Inquiry into the Security Legislation Amendment (Terrorism) Bill 2002 and Related Bills (2002) vol 1, 137 (Ruairi Gallagher).

[130] Submission to Senate Legal and Constitutional Legislation Committee, Parliament of Australia, Canberra, Inquiry into the Security Legislation Amendment (Terrorism) Bill 2002 and Related Bills (2002) vol 1, 244 (Kathryn McCloughry).

[131] This assumes that the States will legislate accordingly. See below n 147.

[132] See, eg, R v Kidman [1915] HCA 58; (1915) 20 CLR 425, 448 (Higgins J): ‘There is not in our Constitution ... any power to make laws as to “the criminal law”’.

[133] See Commonwealth, Royal Commission on Intelligence and Security, Fourth Report (1977) vol 1, 60–5. See also Commonwealth, Royal Commission on Australia’s Security and Intelligence Agencies, Report on the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (1984) 88–9; Commonwealth, Protective Security Review Report, Parl Paper No 397 (1979) 291.

[134] Nationwide News Pty Ltd v Wills [1992] HCA 46; (1992) 177 CLR 1 (‘Nationwide News’); Australian Capital Television Pty Ltd v Commonwealth (1992) 177 CLR 106 (‘Australian Capital Television’).

[135] Kruger v Commonwealth [1997] HCA 27; (1997) 190 CLR 1.

[136] Chu Kheng Lim (1992) 176 CLR 1, 70, 72 (McHugh J).

[137] See Krygger v Williams [1912] HCA 65; (1912) 15 CLR 366; Adelaide Company of Jehovah’s Witnesses Inc v Commonwealth [1943] HCA 12; (1943) 67 CLR 116.

[138] Criminal Code (Cth) div 100.2.

[139] Constitution s 51(vi).

[140] Section 51(xxix).

[141] Section 51(i).

[142] Section 51(v).

[143] Section 51(xii).

[144] Section 51(xiv).

[145] Section 51(xxxix).

[146] See Communist Party Case [1951] HCA 5; (1951) 83 CLR 1, 188 (Dixon J), 259 (Fullagar J); Victoria v Commonwealth [1975] HCA 52; (1975) 134 CLR 338, 361–2 (Barwick CJ); New South Wales v Commonwealth [1975] HCA 58; (1975) 135 CLR 337, 52–5 (Barwick CJ).

[147] On 13 November 2002, the NSW government introduced the Terrorism (Commonwealth Powers) Bill 2002 (NSW) into the Legislative Assembly, purporting to refer certain matters relating to terrorist acts to the Commonwealth Parliament.

[148] [1951] HCA 5; (1951) 83 CLR 1, 258.

[149] Ibid 187.

[150] See, eg, Burns v Ransley [1949] HCA 45; (1949) 79 CLR 101; R v Sharkey [1949] HCA 46; (1949) 79 CLR 121; Cooper v The Queen [1961] HCA 16; (1961) 105 CLR 177.

[151] See Michael Head, ‘Sedition — Is the Star Chamber Dead?’ (1979) 3 Criminal Law Journal 89.

[152] [1989] HCA 12; (1989) 166 CLR 518.

[153] Ibid 568.

[154] Lange v Australian Broadcasting Corporation [1997] HCA 25; (1997) 189 CLR 520, 567.

[155] See Davis v Commonwealth [1988] HCA 63; (1988) 166 CLR 79.

[156] See Polyukhovich v Commonwealth [1991] HCA 32; (1991) 172 CLR 501.

[157] This was assumed, for example, by the High Court in Davern v Messell (1984) 155 CLR 121.

[158] See King Gee Clothing v Commonwealth [1945] HCA 23; (1945) 71 CLR 184, 194–6 (Dixon CJ).

[159] Communist Party Case [1951] HCA 5; (1951) 83 CLR 1, 252–4 (Fullagar J).

[160] See above Part IV.

[161] Chu Kheng Lim (1992) 176 CLR 1, 28–9.

[162] Ibid 32.

[163] Ibid 28.

[164] Ibid 28 fn 66. See also Little v Commonwealth [1947] HCA 24; (1947) 75 CLR 94.

[165] Chu Kheng Lim (1992) 176 CLR 1, 33–4 (Brennan, Deane and Dawson JJ).

[166] Mary Crock, Protection or Punishment: The Detention of Asylum Seekers in Australia (1993) 346–56.

[167] Chu Kheng Lim (1992) 176 CLR 1, 32 (Brennan, Deane and Dawson JJ).

[168] See, eg, Nick Poynder, ‘An Opportunity for Justice Goes Begging: Chu Kheng Lim v Minister for Immigration, Local Government and Ethnic Affairs[1994] AUJlHRights 28; (1994) 1 Australian Journal of Human Rights 414; Margo Kingston, ‘Politics and Public Opinion’ in Crock, above n 166, 8.

[169] Chu Kheng Lim (1992) 176 CLR 1, 37 (Brennan, Deane and Dawson JJ).

[170] See Communist Party Case [1951] HCA 5; (1951) 83 CLR 1, 261 (Fullagar J).

[171] Church of Scientology v Woodward [1982] HCA 78; (1982) 154 CLR 25, 68 (Murphy J).

[172] Wilson v Minister for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs [1996] HCA 18; (1996) 189 CLR 1.

[173] Grollo v Palmer [1995] HCA 26; (1995) 184 CLR 348.

[174] Joint Committee of ASIO, ASIS and DSD, above n 11, 19.

[175] Attorney-General’s Department, Australian Security Intelligence Organisation Legislation Amendment (Terrorism) Bill 2002 (Cth): Proposed Government Amendments (2002) <http://www.law.gov.au/aghome/agnews/2002newsag/Att_govtamend.htm> at 3 October 2002.

[176] See Nationwide News [1992] HCA 46; (1992) 177 CLR 1; Australian Capital Television (1992) 177 CLR 106.

[177] Nationwide News [1992] HCA 46; (1992) 177 CLR 1, 94 (Gaudron J).

[178] Australian Capital Television (1992) 177 CLR 106, 138 (Mason CJ).

[179] Ibid 232.

[180] Nationwide News [1992] HCA 46; (1992) 177 CLR 1, 95 (Gaudron J).

[181] [1997] HCA 25; (1997) 189 CLR 520.

[182] Ibid 567. See also Constitution s 128; Tony Blackshield and George Williams, Australian Constitutional Law and Theory: Commentary and Materials (3rd ed, 2002) 1192–3.

[183] See Cunliffe v Commonwealth [1994] HCA 44; (1994) 182 CLR 272; McClure v Australian Electoral Commission [1999] HCA 31; (1999) 163 ALR 734. This issue was raised, but not decided in the Tampa case.

[184] See, eg, Langer v Commonwealth [1996] HCA 43; (1996) 186 CLR 302, where the Court refused to recognise the freedom to advocate informal voting in a federal election. See also Cunliffe v Commonwealth [1994] HCA 44; (1994) 182 CLR 272, where the Court declined to extend the implied rights to non-citizens.

[185] [1997] HCA 31; (1997) 189 CLR 579.

[186] Ibid 629 (Gaudron J).

[187] Ibid 629 (Gaudron J), 635–6 (Kirby J).