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Federal Court of Australia |
COURT
IN THE FEDERAL COURT OF AUSTRALIACATCHWORDS
Administrative Law - Judicial review - Appeal to Court of Petty Sessions from refusal of Registrar of Motor Vehicles (A.C.T.) to renew the registration of a motor vehicle - Appeal in the nature of a re-hearing - Application for an order of review in respect of decision of Court of Petty Sessions approving renewal of registration - Jurisdiction of Federal Court of Australia - Whether decision of Court of Petty Sessions a decision "of an administrative character".Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1977, ss. 3(1), 5
Motor Traffic Ordinance 1936 (A.C.T.), s.104
Administrative Law - Judicial review - Decision of a Court of Petty Sessions on appeal from refusal of Registrar of Motor Vehicles to renew registration of motor vehicle - Jurisdiction of Federal Court - Whether a decision "of an administrative character" - Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1977 (Cth), ss 3(1), 5 - Motor Traffic Ordinance 1936 (ACT), s 104. Held: (1) A decision of a Court of Petty Sessions in an appeal from the refusal of the Registrar of Motor Vehicles to renew registration of a motor vehicle is not a decision "of an administrative character" within the meaning of s 3(1) of the Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1977 (Cth).
(2) The Federal Court, therefore, has no jurisdiction to review such a decision.
Steele v. Defence Force Retirement Board [1955] HCA 34; (1955) 92 CLR 177; The Commonwealth v. Anderson [1957] HCA 44; (1957) 97 CLR 345; Farbenfabriken Bayer Aktiengesellschaft v. Bayer Pharma Pty Ltd [1959] HCA 32; (1959) 101 CLR 652; R. v. Quinn; Ex parte Consolidated Foods Corporation [1977] HCA 62; (1977) 138 CLR 1; Medical Board of Victoria v. Meyer [1937] HCA 47; (1937) 58 CLR 62; Boulus v. Broken Hill Theatres Pty Ltd [1949] HCA 8; (1949) 78 CLR 177; British Medical Association v. The Commonwealth [1949] HCA 44; (1949) 79 CLR 201; The Adelaide Fruit & Produce Exchange Co. Ltd v. Adelaide Corporation [1960] HCA 61; (1960) 105 CLR 428, referred to.
HEARING
1985, February 1. 1:2:1985Application under s 5 of Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1977 (Cth) for review of a decision of a Court of Petty Sessions in a appeal from a decision of the Registrar of Motor Vehicles.
L Katz, for the applicant.
Solicitor for the applicant: Australian Government Solicitor.
SMW
ORDER
The application be dismissed.
Orders accordingly
DECISION
This application, made pursuant to section 5 of the Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1977, seeks an order of review in respect of a decision made by John Joseph Dainer ("the Magistrate") sitting as the Court of Petty Sessions at Canberra in the Australian Capital Territory setting aside a decision of the Registrar of Motor Vehicles ("the Registrar") refusing to renew the registration under the Motor Traffic Ordinance 1936 ("the Ordinance") of the Australian Capital Territory of a motor vehicle owned by Kevin Patrick Mann and directing the Registrar to renew the registration of that vehicle.2. In the absence of any provision in the Ordinance providing that the Registrar be a corporation sole or that he may bring proceedings in his official name, the proceedings should have been brought in his personal name. The proceedings should be amended accordingly.
3. Mr Mann did not appear on the hearing of the application and was not represented.
4. The facts giving rise to the application may be shortly stated. On 1 July 1981 Mr Mann arranged for the side windows of his motor vehicle, a Renault sedan, to be fitted with Madico 100-200 bronze-grey type tinting film by Just-Rite Insulations Pty. Limited. That company had previously been informed by letter dated 4 February 1981 from the Controller of Technical Standards at the Motor Vehicle Registry that motor vehicles fitted with WNLW-100-20 film were acceptable for registration in the Australian Capital Territory when the film was fitted in accordance with an approval given on 10 November 1980. It is not disputed that the film fitted to Mr Mann's vehicle was identical with, or equivalent to, the type of film referred to in that letter. It is also not disputed that the film was fitted to Mr Mann's vehicle in accordance with the approval.
5. After the vehicle was fitted with the tinted film, the vehicle was submitted to the Motor Vehicle Registry on 2 September 1981 for inspection for registration. The vehicle was passed as fit for registration.
6. On 13 July 1982 the Controller of Technical Standards at the Motor Vehicle
Registry wrote to Just-Rite Insulations Pty. Limited
in the following terms -
"New requirements for the fitting of Solar7. The Registrar does not dispute that that letter should be read as conveying not only that no steps would be taken to cancel a then existing registration because the tinted film which had been applied prior to 1 August 1982 did not comply with the new requirements but also that renewal of the registration of such a vehicle would not be refused on that ground. It is also to be noted that, although the letter refers to "the attached requirements", the copy of the letter in evidence has no attachment.
Control Film to Motor Vehicle glazing apply
from the 1st of August 1982.
It is necessary that we now revoke your
previous approval to fit Solar Control Film to
Motor Vehicle glazing.
The new requirement to fit this film will be
in line with the N.S.W. requirements.
A N.S.W. Department of Motor Transport
approval Number starting with 82 will be
evidence that the film complies with this new
Requirement. Should you want written approval
to fit this film please contact this
Department with proof that your film complies
with the attached requirements.
The registration of vehicles fitted with Solar
Control film in accordance with your previous
authorisation will be continued.
The owner however may have to prove that the
film was fitted before 1st of August 1982.
I seek your assistance in seeing that only
approved Solar Control Film is fitted to
A.C.T. registered vehicles."
8. On 9 September 1982 the registration of the vehicle was again renewed after inspection at the Motor Vehicle Registry.
9. On 26 April 1983 the Motor Vehicle Registry wrote to Just-Rite
Insulations Pty. Limited in the following terms -
"I am writing in regard to tinted films fitted10. On 24 August 1984 Mr Mann submitted the vehicle for inspection in connection with the renewal of its registration. On that occasion the vehicle was not approved because there was only 50 per cent transmittance of light on each of the side front windows of the vehicle. The vehicle was re-submitted for inspection on 21 September 1983 but the vehicle was again refused renewal of registration.
to motor vehicle windows.
As you are probably aware in the ACT we
currently allow tinted films with a light
transmittance value of 70% on windows adjacent
to the driver and 35% on windows rearward of
the driver. The reflective value on all
windows is limited to 10%.
You may also be aware that, as a method of
identifying films, we have been accepting New
South Wales Department of Motor Transport
approval stickers.
It has become increasingly apparent that such
a method of identification is open to abuse by
disreputable marketters of tint films for
example:
* DMT stickers have been fitted to
tinted windows, where the approval
number in no way relates to the
film applied;
* DMT stickers have been handed out
"by the handful" to anyone
requesting them;
* Non-existent DMT approval numbers
have been printed on stickers;
* Non-approved films have been fitted
without identification and the
vehicle owner left to prove that
the film is acceptable.
As a result of the foregoing, the Department
has obtained a light transmittance measuring
device which will be used as the only
criterion for passing or failing tinted films.
Any DMT approval stickers will be disregarded.
That is to say, that if the light
transmittance of windows adjacent to the
driver does not measure greater than 70% and
of windows rearward of the driver greater than
35%, the vehicle will be rejected.
If a window is fitted with what appears to be
a fraudulent DMT sticker, the vehicle owner
will be referred to the ACT Consumer Affairs
Bureau and/or the Australian Federal Police.
The foregoing method of inspection for tinted
films is intended to result in a more
consistent application of the existing
standards.
Those standards are:
* On windows adjacent to the driver,
tinted film may be fitted which
results in a light transmittance
value of at least 70% and a
reflective value of less than 10%;
* On windows rearward of the driver,
tinted film may be fitted which
results in a light transmittance
value of at least 35% and a
reflective value of less than 10%;
* A single coating only of film may
be applied;
* Tinted film may not be applied to
any body tinted ("factory tinted")
glass;
* Any vehicle which has windows
fitted with tinted film, must be
fitted with both left and right
hand external mirrors.
I trust the foregoing is of assistance and
look forward to your continued co-operation in
this matter."
11. The decision not to renew the registration of the vehicle was made under section 104 of the Ordinance to which it will be necessary to refer in some detail. By section 165 of the Ordinance it is provided that a person shall not drive or leave standing a motor vehicle upon a public street unless, inter alia, it is registered under the Ordinance. Sub-section 7(1) provides that the Registrar may register, and may, from time to time, renew the registration of, a motor vehicle for the purposes of the Ordinance. The Registrar is not to register or renew the registration of a motor vehicle unless he is satisfied that the motor vehicle, its parts and equipment comply with such of the requirements of Part I of the Second Schedule as are applicable to such a motor vehicle and are capable of complying with such of the requirements of Part XII of the Ordinance as would be applicable to such a motor vehicle if it were upon a public street (sub-section 7(2)). Part I of the Second Schedule sets out a number of requirements expressed objectively with which a motor vehicle must comply. Part XII deals with equipment and loads, the requirements in the main also being expressed objectively. None of the provisions contained in Part I of the Second Schedule or in Part XII of the Ordinance are of direct relevance to the issue that arises on this appeal.
12. Further requirements for registration are contained in Part II of the Second Schedule to the Ordinance those requirements being prescribed by reference to the type of vehicle, the year of manufacture and the provisions of specified Australian design rules issued by the relevant Department of State of the Commonwealth and endorsed by the Australian Transport Advisory Council (see section 7A). Sub-section (3) of that section provides that the Registrar may refuse to register or renew the registration of a motor vehicle specified in Part II of the Second Schedule unless the motor vehicle complies with the condition or conditions set out in that schedule in relation to that motor vehicle. Although there is a reference in the Magistrate's reasons for decision to Australian design rules relevant to the grounds upon which renewal of the registration of Mr Mann's vehicle was refused, no design rules are in evidence before me and I was not referred to any relevant prescription in Part II of the Second Schedule to the Ordinance. Clearly, however, any such rules would be relevant to the exercise of the discretion which section 104 confers on the Registrar and, where an appeal is taken to the Court of Petty Sessions, on that Court.
13. Section 104 of the Ordinance, so far as material, provides as follows -
"(1) Subject to this Ordinance, the grant or14. The Court referred to in sub-section (6) is the Court of Petty Sessions established under the Court of Petty Sessions Ordinance 1930 (see the definition of "the Court" in sub-section 4(1)).
renewal or transfer of any licence or
registration shall be in the discretion
of the Registrar.
(2) Without affecting the generality of the
last preceding sub-section, the
Registrar may -
...
(c) refuse to register, or cancel or
suspend for such period as he
thinks fit, the registration of
any motor vehicle or trailer
which by reason of its condition,
design or construction, he
considers is or is likely to be a
source of danger or annoyance to
the public;
...
...
(6) Any person aggrieved by a decision of
the Registrar, made on or after the
commencement of this sub-section,
refusing to grant or renew a licence or
registration ... may, within fourteen
days after notice of the decision is
served on him, appeal to the Court
against the decision.
(7) The Registrar shall be the respondent to
an appeal.
(8) The Court may -
(a) affirm, set aside or vary the
decision of the Registrar;
(b) make such order as to the Court
seems proper; and
(c) make such other order as justice
requires.
...
(10) On the hearing of an appeal under this
section from a decision of the Registrar
based upon the opinion or belief of the
Registrar in relation to a matter, the
Court shall determine the appeal on its
opinion or belief in relation to that
matter.
(11) Where an appeal is made under this
section against a decision of the
Registrar refusing to renew or
cancelling or suspending a licence or
registration, the licence or
registration shall, notwithstanding the
Registrar's decision but subject to this
Ordinance, be deemed to have continued,
and continues, in force pending the
determination of the appeal."
15. Pursuant to sub-section 104(6) of the Ordinance Mr Mann appealed to the
Court of Petty Sessions at Canberra from the decision
of the Registrar
refusing to renew the registration of his motor vehicle. The Magistrate who
constituted the Court of Petty Sessions
for the purpose of hearing that
"appeal", heard oral evidence from Mr Mann, from the proprietor of Just-Rite
Insulations Pty. Limited
and from two experts in the field of the physical
laws of light, Professor McConnell and Professor Trigg. The reasons for
decision
of the Magistrate refer to the evidence of the two expert witnesses
in the following terms -
"Both those witnesses gave evidence of an16. The Magistrate then referred to the Australian design rules which, he said, required that there be at least 70 per cent transmittance of light through the front side windows of a motor vehicle where those windows have fitted to them tinted film. He referred to similar specifications in the United Kingdom, other parts of Europe, the United States of America and Japan and concluded that the requirement was soundly based. The Registrar was justified, he said, in taking the view that he did regarding the amount of light which must be transmitted.
expert nature in relation to the effects of
tinting the windows of motor vehicles. Both
said that so far as the beneficial effects of
tinting were concerned, there was some minor
reduction in the heat which is transmitted
into a motor vehicle with some minor reduction
in glare so far as daylight driving conditions
were concerned, but both those effects were
minimal and they suggested that so far as
glare was concerned, the best way to handle
that problem was to wear dark glasses.
But each witness, and in particular
Professor Trigg, said that the danger of
driving at night-time with tinted windows was
quite material. Professor Trigg gave evidence
of experiments which he was aware of in
relation to the reduced visibility which was
caused by having the windows adjacent to the
driver tinted at night-time. The difficulty
seems to be in relation to the hours of dusk
and darkness. There is no safety detriment so
far as daylight driving is concerned. That
seems to be conceded by all concerned. But
night-time driving conditions and dusk-time
driving conditions certainly pose a risk to
the driver of a vehicle where the windows are
tinted adjacent to that driver and to other
road users, and I think it must be said that
that evidence was unchallenged. At least, it
was unchallenged by Mr Swift who appeared as
counsel for Mr Mann, and I accept it."
17. The reasons for decision continue -
"However, the Registrar's change ofThe Magistrate held that, in the circumstances of Mr Mann's case because of the assurances given, the renewal of the registration of the vehicle should not be refused because of the tinted film fitted to the windows.
attitude seems to me to be based not so much
on the evolution of technology which is
involved in this matter, but on his concern
that some people were, in a spurious way,
putting forward tinted windows for approval
which, in fact, had not been approved, and I
refer to his letter of 26 April 1983 ...
Now, the Registrar said in that letter
that because of those problems, henceforth he
would only pass vehicles with tinted windows
which complied with the McConnell tests. That
is, that they had to transmit 70 per cent of
light on the windows adjacent to the driver.
So, it seems to me that that change of
attitude was, primarily, because of the
fraudulent claims being made by some people
regarding tinted windows, not so much because
of the evolution of technology.
Now, the Ordinance provides that whilst
the court may affirm, set aside or vary the
decision of the Registrar, it may also make
such other order as justice requires, and
whilst, as I say, I accept completely what the
Registrar has done is proper in the
circumstances insofar as vehicles which are
fitted with that type of window after 1 August
1982, I do take the view that the justice of
this case requires that Mr Mann have his
vehicle accepted for registration because of
that previous assurance given by the Registrar
that vehicles which were so registered before
1 August 1982 continue to be registered. That
assurance was given, as I say, in an official
way, and I believe it should be honoured, and
I do not say, of course, the Registrar is
acting in any other than a proper way in
relation to this matter."
18. For the Registrar it was contended that, in placing reliance upon the letter dated 13 July 1982 addressed by the Motor Vehicle Registry to Just-Rite Insulations Pty. Limited, the Magistrate took into account - indeed relied upon as the sole basis for his decision - an irrelevant consideration. Attention was directed to the circumstance that the letter was not one written to Mr Mann and the further circumstance that it was written approximately one year after Mr Mann had had the film fitted to the windows of his vehicle. It could, therefore, not be treated as a letter giving any assurance to Mr Mann that may have misled him or upon which he may have acted to his detriment. On that basis the letter was said to be irrelevant to the question whether the renewal of the registration of the vehicle should be approved.
19. It was also submitted that, even if contrary to the fact, Mr Mann had, before having the tinted film fitted, obtained an assurance from the Registrar that renewal of the registration of the vehicle would never be refused by reason of the presence of the tinted film, such an assurance would have been of no effect as amounting to an attempt to fetter the Registrar in the proper exercise in the future of the discretion vested in him by sub-section 104(1) of the Ordinance. It was not suggested that the Magistrate had regarded such assurance (assuming it to have been given to Mr Mann) as binding him to approve the registration of the vehicle. The point of the submission was that to take any such assurance into account as a factor in determining whether the renewal of the registration of the vehicle should be approved and to give it any weight in the decision-making process was to take into account an irrelevant consideration and thus to demonstrate error.
20. There is, I think, much force in the first, at least, of the arguments presented on behalf of the Registrar but, before it may receive further consideration, there is a threshold question as to the Court's jurisdiction to entertain the Registrar's application. To this I now turn.
21. The jurisdiction of the Court to entertain the application depends upon
the subject matter of the application being properly
described as a decision
to which the Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1977 applies. The
expression "decision to which this Act applies" is defined in sub-section 3(1)
to mean -
"a decision of an administrative character made,The provisions of Schedule 1 are of no relevance in the present case.
proposed to be made, or required to be made, as
the case may be (whether in the exercise of a
discretion of not) under an enactment, other
than a decision by the Governor-General or a
decision included in any of the classes of
decisions set out in Schedule 1".
22. There is no doubt that the decision of the Magistrate the subject of this application is a decision made under an enactment, being a decision made under section 104 of the Motor Traffic Ordinance 1936 (see paragraph (b) of the definition of "enactment" in sub-section 3(1) of the Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1977). What is in issue is whether that decision is properly to be characterised as a decision "of an administrative character".
23. There is equally no doubt that the decision of the Registrar refusing to renew the registration of the motor vehicle in exercise of the power conferred upon him by section 104 of the Ordinance is properly described as a decision "of an administrative character" made under an enactment which might, subject to the discretion residing in this Court pursuant to paragraph 10(2)(b)(ii) of the Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1977 arising by reason of the provisions for appeal to the Court of Petty Sessions, have been made the subject of an order of review under that Act. Counsel for the Registrar referred to this circumstance and to the provisions of sub-section 104(10) of the Ordinance which, it was submitted, was designed to ensure that the Court of Petty Sessions was charged with the task not of examining the decision of the Registrar to see whether any error of fact or law could be discovered but of deciding, on such material as might be placed before the Court, what was the correct or preferable decision. These considerations were relied upon to support the submission that the decision of the Court of Petty Sessions was properly characterised as a decision of an administrative character.
24. As the source of constitutional power to support section 104 of the Ordinance is to be found in section 122 of the Constitution, the issue that arises in this case is quite different from that which arises when the question is whether the jurisdiction with which a court is invested by a federal law forms part of the judicial power of the Commonwealth within Chapter III of the Constitution. That issue has been the subject of much judicial consideration. However, notwithstanding that it is an issue of a different character, some of the matters which have been taken into consideration as relevant to the resolution of that issue are, I think, of relevance in considering the matter which now falls for decision: see, for example, Steele v. Defence Forces Retirement Benefits Board [1955] HCA 34; (1955) 92 CLR 177: The Commonwealth v. Anderson [1957] HCA 44; (1957) 97 CLR 345: Farbenfabriken Bayer Aktiengesellschaft v. Bayer Pharma Pty. Ltd. [1959] HCA 32; (1959) 101 CLR 652: The Queen v. Quinn; Ex parte Consolidated Food Corporation [1977] HCA 62; (1977) 138 CLR 1: cf. Queen Victoria Memorial Hospital v. Thornton [1953] HCA 11; (1953) 87 CLR 144. I have also derived assistance from the judgments in Medical Board of Victoria v. Meyer [1937] HCA 47; (1937) 58 CLR 62: Boulus v. Broken Hill Theatres Pty. Ltd. [1949] HCA 8; (1949) 78 CLR 177: British Medical Association v. The Commonwealth [1949] HCA 44; 79 CLR 201 and The Adelaide Fruit and Produce Exchange Co. Ltd. v. Adelaide Corporation [1960] HCA 61; (1960) 105 CLR 428.
25. The first matter to notice is that the function is conferred upon the Court of Petty Sessions as such: the magistrates comprising that court are not chosen as persona designata to perform the function.
26. Secondly, the "appeal" to the Court of Petty Sessions involves a proceeding in which there are parties and in which the applicant is entitled to a formal hearing with the right to examine and cross-examine witnesses and to make submissions.
27. Thirdly, the clear implication from the provisions is that the decision of the Court of Petty Sessions is to be binding on the Registrar. Although there is no express provision to that effect, the Ordinance should be construed as imposing on the Registrar an imperative duty to register the vehicle or renew its registration if that be the decision of the Court.
28. Fourthly, that the intention was to confer a judicial rather than an administrative function on the Court of Petty Sessions is supported by an examination of the history of the provision. The right of appeal to the Court of Petty Sessions against a refusal of the Registrar to register, or renew the registration of, a motor vehicle first appeared in the Ordinance as a result of the amendments made by the Motor Traffic Ordinance (No.3) 1971 (Ordinance No. 37 of 1971). Prior to that Ordinance coming into operation there was what was clearly an appeal of an administrative nature to the relevant Minister of State (see sub-section 51(6) of the Motor Traffic Ordinance 1936 as in force prior to the amendments referred to).
29. Fifthly, mere similarity, or even identity, of the language used in describing the function conferred on the Registrar and that conferred on the Court of Petty Sessions is not decisive that the function of the Court is to be characterised, as that of the Registrar undoubtedly is, as administrative in nature. But, in any event, the function of the Court of Petty Sessions under section 104 of the Ordinance would seem to be somewhat wider than that of the Registrar. Not only may the Court affirm, set aside or vary the decision of the Registrar, but it may also "make such order as to the Court seems proper" and "such other order as justice requires" (sub-section 104(8)).
30. Sixthly, there are, of course, many examples of "appeals" to the original jurisdiction of a court in which the discretion vested in the functionary from whose decision the appeal is brought is not reviewable and is only examinable for the purpose of deciding whether it has miscarried in point of law. The obvious purpose of sub-section 104(1) is to make clear that the Court of Petty Sessions in hearing the "appeal" is not limited to determining whether or not the Registrar was right, upon the material before him, in reaching his decision. The provision shows that the Court is not limited to correcting errors made by the Registrar but is to deal with the whole matter on the material brought before it and, even where the decision of the Registrar is based upon his opinion or belief, the Court is to form its own opinion or belief. But there is nothing in the provision which, in my view, is inconsistent with the decision of the Court being a decision of a judicial rather than of an administrative nature.
31. No one of the above factors is decisive of the question but, taken in combination, they require, in my opinion, the conclusion that the purpose of sub-section 104(6) is to transfer the question whether registration, or renewal of registration, of a motor vehicle is to be refused from the ordinary administrative process to a judicial tribunal to investigate as part of its judicial function. So understood, the decision of the Court upon an "appeal" under the sub-section is not properly described as a decision of an administrative character.
32. The appeal is, therefore, dismissed. As neither the Magistrate nor Mr Mann took any part in the proceedings I make no order as to costs.
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